| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 25g |
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| 50g |
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| 100g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
As a dipeptide, Glycyltyrosine does not have a defined primary drug target in the context of therapeutic development. However, it may be used in research to study peptide transporters (e.g., PepT1), dipeptidyl peptidases, and other proteases. The compound serves as a substrate for studying dipeptide transport across cell membranes and for investigating the metabolism of dietary peptides. Glycine and tyrosine are both amino acids with important roles in protein synthesis and neurotransmission. Tyrosine is a precursor for catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) and thyroid hormones. The compound can be used as a model substrate for studying peptide stability and degradation in biological systems.
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| ln Vitro |
Commercial ergot supplements have been made from amino acids and their derivatives. They affect the release of anabolic hormones, the availability of fuel for activity, the ability to think clearly under pressure, and the prevention of muscular damage brought on by exertion. They are regarded as advantageous synergistic food ingredients [1].
In vitro studies on this dipeptide typically involve cell-based assays to investigate peptide transport and metabolism. Standard protocols include culturing intestinal epithelial cells (e.g., Caco-2 cells) in appropriate media, followed by treatment with varying concentrations of the dipeptide (typically 0.1-10 mM) for various time periods. Peptide uptake and metabolism are measured using HPLC or mass spectrometry. The compound can also be used in studies examining the effects of dipeptides on cellular signaling and metabolism. The tyrosine moiety may contribute to antioxidant activity and neurotransmitter precursor effects in cell culture systems. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo studies on this dipeptide have been conducted to investigate peptide absorption and metabolism. Standard protocols involve administration via oral gavage in rodent models, followed by blood sampling for peptide and amino acid analysis. The compound can be used to study the effects of dietary peptides on metabolism, muscle protein synthesis, and cognitive function. Tyrosine-containing peptides may influence catecholamine synthesis and stress responses in vivo. However, specific in vivo pharmacological data for this exact compound is limited, as it is primarily used as a research tool for studying peptide transport rather than as a therapeutic agent.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Non-cell-based enzyme assays for this compound typically involve incubating the dipeptide with purified proteases or peptidases (e.g., dipeptidyl peptidase IV, aminopeptidases) in appropriate buffer systems. The progress of enzymatic hydrolysis is monitored by HPLC or mass spectrometry to measure the release of glycine and tyrosine. Kinetic parameters such as Km and Vmax can be determined. The compound can also be used in studies examining the specificity and inhibition of peptidases. Additionally, the compound may be used in studies investigating the stability of tyrosine-containing peptides under various conditions.
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| Cell Assay |
Cell-based assays for this dipeptide typically utilize intestinal epithelial cell lines (e.g., Caco-2) to study peptide transport via PepT1 and other transporters. Standard protocols involve culturing cells on transwell inserts to form polarized monolayers, followed by apical or basolateral addition of the dipeptide. Peptide uptake and transport are measured using HPLC or mass spectrometry. The compound can also be used in studies examining the effects of dipeptides on cellular metabolism and signaling pathways. Neuronal cell lines may be used to study the effects of tyrosine release on neurotransmitter synthesis.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for this dipeptide typically involve administration via oral gavage in rodent models (mice or rats). Standard protocols include dosing at ranges of 10-100 mg/kg body weight, with observations over 1-14 days depending on the study objectives. Blood samples are collected at various time points for peptide and amino acid analysis. The compound can be used to study the effects of dietary peptides on metabolism, muscle protein synthesis, and cognitive function. All animal studies must comply with institutional ethical guidelines and be conducted in accordance with applicable regulations for the care and use of laboratory animals.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties for this dipeptide can be inferred from studies on dipeptide absorption. As a small dipeptide (molecular weight 274.27 g/mol as dihydrate), it can be absorbed via peptide transporters (PepT1) in the intestine. The compound is likely to be hydrolyzed by peptidases to release glycine and tyrosine, which are then distributed throughout the body. The compound shows moderate solubility in aqueous solutions due to the dihydrate form. For in vivo administration, formulations using suitable vehicles may be employed. The compound should be stored as powder at -20°C for long-term preservation. Definitive PK parameters require formal studies.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological data for this specific compound are limited as it is supplied for research use only and not intended for human therapeutic applications. As a naturally occurring dipeptide composed of essential and non-essential amino acids, it is generally considered to have low toxicity. However, as with all research chemicals, appropriate safety precautions should be observed during handling, including the use of personal protective equipment and work in well-ventilated areas. The compound may cause skin and eye irritation upon contact. Acute toxicity studies in animal models would be required to establish LD₅₀ values and no-observed-adverse-effect levels.
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| References |
[1]. Luckose F, et al. Effects of amino acid derivatives on physical, mental, and physiological activities. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2015;55(13):1793-1144.
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| Additional Infomation |
Glycyltyrosine (hydrate) is a dipeptide.
Glycyltyrosine dihydrate is a dipeptide composed of glycine and L-tyrosine. Tyrosine is a precursor for catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) and thyroid hormones. This compound is used in research to study peptide transport, protein digestion, and enzyme-substrate interactions. It serves as a substrate for dipeptidyl peptidases and other proteases, and is useful for studying peptide absorption and metabolism. The dipeptide may also be used to study the effects of tyrosine-containing peptides on neurotransmitter synthesis and stress responses. It is not an approved drug and has not undergone clinical trials; it is strictly for research purposes. |
| Molecular Formula |
C11H18N2O6
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
274.27
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| Exact Mass |
274.116
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| CAS # |
39630-46-1
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| PubChem CID |
57349699
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Flash Point |
387.5℃
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| LogP |
0.874
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
6
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
7
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
5
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| Heavy Atom Count |
19
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| Complexity |
275
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
C1=CC(=CC=C1C[C@@H](C(=O)O)NC(=O)CN)O.O.O
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| InChi Key |
VELZBUAWAUZDLF-WWPIYYJJSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C11H14N2O4.2H2O/c12-6-10(15)13-9(11(16)17)5-7-1-3-8(14)4-2-7;;/h1-4,9,14H,5-6,12H2,(H,13,15)(H,16,17);2*1H2/t9-;;/m0../s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2S)-2-[(2-aminoacetyl)amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid;dihydrate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.6460 mL | 18.2302 mL | 36.4604 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7292 mL | 3.6460 mL | 7.2921 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3646 mL | 1.8230 mL | 3.6460 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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