| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1mg |
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| 5mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Maohuoside A targets bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and MAPK signaling pathways to promote osteogenesis. It enhances osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells through these pathways. Maohuoside A also activates AMPK (adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase), exerting anti-osteoarthritis effects. In a rat model of osteoarthritis, MHA increased the relative level of cartilage AMPKα (Thr172) phosphorylation. It also increased the expression of BMP2, Runx2, and Osterix mRNA, key regulators of osteogenesis.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, maohuoside A promotes osteogenesis in rat mesenchymal stem cells through BMP and MAPK signaling pathways. It enhances osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Maohuoside A demonstrates superior in vitro osteogenic activity compared to icariin. In human fibroblasts or other relevant cell types, its effects on osteogenic markers such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin, and collagen type I can be assessed. The compound's activity is typically evaluated using osteogenic differentiation assays with appropriate staining and gene expression analysis.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, maohuoside A has demonstrated efficacy in animal models of osteoarthritis and bone formation. In a rat model of osteoarthritis induced by anterior cruciate ligament transection, maohuoside A exerted anti-osteoarthritis effects by activating AMPK. Treatment with MHA decreased OARSI scores, reduced serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, increased Collagen II mRNA levels, decreased MMP-13 mRNA levels, and increased BMP2, Runx2, and Osterix mRNA levels. Oral administration of maohuoside A directly increases bone mineral density in animal models.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme/receptor binding assays for maohuoside A typically involve assessing its interaction with components of the BMP and MAPK signaling pathways. The compound's ability to activate BMP signaling can be assessed using BMP-responsive reporter gene assays or by measuring SMAD1/5/8 phosphorylation by Western blot. Its effects on MAPK signaling are assessed by measuring ERK, JNK, and p38 phosphorylation. Binding affinity to BMP receptors or other targets can be assessed using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) or other biophysical methods. Assays are conducted under appropriate conditions with proper controls.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for maohuoside A utilize mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or osteoblast precursor cells to assess osteogenic differentiation. Cells are treated with varying concentrations of maohuoside A for 7-21 days. Osteogenic differentiation is assessed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and activity measurement, alizarin red S staining for mineralization, and expression of osteogenic markers (Runx2, Osterix, BMP2, Collagen I, osteocalcin) by qPCR or Western blot. The compound's effects on AMPK activation are assessed by measuring AMPKα (Thr172) phosphorylation by Western blot. Standard cell culture conditions (37°C, 5% CO₂) with appropriate osteogenic differentiation media are employed.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies with maohuoside A typically involve oral administration to rodent models of osteoarthritis or bone loss. In the ACL transection rat model of osteoarthritis, MHA was administered at low, moderate, and high doses. Endpoints include assessment of articular cartilage damage by histology (H&E, Safranin O/Fast Green staining), OARSI scoring, measurement of serum inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), and analysis of gene expression in cartilage tissue (Collagen II, MMP-13, BMP2, Runx2, Osterix). AMPK activation is assessed by measuring AMPKα (Thr172) phosphorylation. All procedures must comply with institutional animal care and use guidelines.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Specific pharmacokinetic data for maohuoside A are not extensively documented in the publicly available literature. The compound has a molecular weight of 652.66 g/mol and a molecular formula of C₃₃H₄₀O₁₅. It has demonstrated in vivo efficacy upon oral administration, directly increasing bone mineral density in animal models. As a natural product glycoside, its oral bioavailability would be influenced by factors such as intestinal absorption, deglycosylation by gut microbiota, and first-pass metabolism. The compound is typically stored under conditions recommended for natural product research chemicals.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Maohuoside A is intended for research use only and is not approved for human therapeutic applications. As a natural product research chemical, comprehensive toxicological data are not extensively documented in the publicly accessible literature. Standard safety precautions should be observed when handling this compound, including the use of appropriate personal protective equipment. As with all research chemicals, comprehensive toxicological profiling would be required before any consideration for clinical development. The compound should be handled in well-ventilated areas with proper waste disposal procedures.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Maohuoside A (CAS#: 128988-55-6) is a natural product isolated from Epimedium koreanum. It promotes osteogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells through BMP and MAPK signaling pathways. Maohuoside A activates AMPK and exerts anti-osteoarthritis effects in rat models. It demonstrates superior in vitro osteogenic activity compared to icariin and increases bone mineral density upon oral administration. This compound is not a drug and has not undergone clinical trials.
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| Molecular Formula |
C27H32O12
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
548.54
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| Exact Mass |
548.189
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| CAS # |
128988-55-6
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| PubChem CID |
14583586
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| Appearance |
Light yellow to green yellow solid powder
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| Density |
1.5±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
838.2±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
222-224℃
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| Flash Point |
278.8±27.8 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±3.2 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.665
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| LogP |
0.86
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
7
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
12
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
8
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| Heavy Atom Count |
39
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| Complexity |
884
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
5
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| SMILES |
CC(C)(CCC1=C(C=C(C2=C1OC(=C(C2=O)O)C3=CC=C(C=C3)OC)O)O[C@H]4[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O4)CO)O)O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
KKZRHUJZVYWXFJ-RGLOOMPQSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C27H32O12/c1-27(2,35)9-8-14-16(37-26-23(34)21(32)19(30)17(11-28)38-26)10-15(29)18-20(31)22(33)24(39-25(14)18)12-4-6-13(36-3)7-5-12/h4-7,10,17,19,21,23,26,28-30,32-35H,8-9,11H2,1-3H3/t17-,19-,21+,23-,26-/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
3,5-dihydroxy-8-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.8230 mL | 9.1151 mL | 18.2302 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.3646 mL | 1.8230 mL | 3.6460 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1823 mL | 0.9115 mL | 1.8230 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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