Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Myo-inositol is absorbed via the small intestine. In patients with Myo-inositol deficiency, peak plasma concentrations occur at 4 hours after oral administration. Myo-inositol is absorbed by tissues via a sodium-dependent Myo-inositol cotransporter, which also participates in glucose absorption. The maximum plasma concentration of Myo-inositol after oral administration can reach 36-45 μg. Most of the administered dose is excreted in the urine. Pharmacokinetics of Myo-inositol were studied in preterm infants, with an estimated volume of distribution of 0.5115 L/kg. Pharmacokinetics of Myo-inositol were also studied in preterm infants, with an estimated clearance of 0.0679 L/kg/h. Metabolism/Metabolites It is believed that Myo-inositol is metabolized to phosphoMyo-inositol, which is then converted to phosphatidylMyo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate, a precursor to a second messenger molecule. Myo-inositol can be converted to D-chiral Myo-inositol by epimerase activity. Normal modifications to the Myo-inositol structure appear to exist across all the different isomers.

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Biological half-life
The pharmacokinetic characteristics of Myo-inositol in preterm infants were studied, and the elimination half-life was estimated to be 5.22 hours.

Protein Binding
It is believed that Myo-inositol can bind to plasma proteins.

Myo-inositol is an Myo-inositol with the Myo-inositol-configuration. It functions as a compatibility osmotic regulator, a nutrient, an EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphatidylMyo-inositol phospholipase C) inhibitor, a human metabolite, a Daphnia magna metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, and a mouse metabolite. Myo-inositol is an isomer of glucose and has traditionally been considered a B vitamin, but its status as a vitamin is uncertain, and no deficiency has been found in humans. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th edition, p. 1379) Myo-inositol phospholipids play an important role in signal transduction. Myo-inositol has been investigated for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Myo-inositol is a collection of nine different stereoisomers, but usually refers only to the most common type of Myo-inositol—Myo-inositol. Myo-inositol is cis-1,2,3,5-trans-4,6-cyclohexanehexanol, prepared by precipitation and hydrolysis of crude phytic acid in a water extract of corn kernels. These molecules are structurally similar to glucose and are involved in cell signaling. It is considered a pseudovitamin because it does not meet the criteria for an essential vitamin; although it is vital in the body, a deficiency of this molecule does not cause disease. Myo-inositol was once listed as an ingredient in over-the-counter medications by Health Canada, but all products with Myo-inositol as a primary ingredient have been discontinued. Under the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Myo-inositol is listed as a Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) substance. D-chiral Myo-inositol is being investigated in the clinical trial NCT03201601 (evaluating the efficacy of an Myo-inositol:D-chiral Myo-inositol 3.6:1 mixture in women with polycystic ovary syndrome). Myo-inositol is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (K12 strain, MG1655 strain). Myo-inositol is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (K12 strain, MG1655 strain). It has also been reported to be present in tea trees, apple trees, and other organisms with relevant data. Coconut alcohol, a stereoisomer of Myo-inositol, is a plant sugar alcohol primarily found in coconut trees and possesses potential amyloid activity. It exhibits plaque formation inhibitory activity. After oral administration, coconut alcohol can cross the blood-brain barrier and inhibit the formation of β-amyloid plaques in the brain through an undefined mechanism. This may help slow disease progression and improve cognitive function in Alzheimer's patients. Myo-inositol is a natural sugar found in cell membrane phospholipids, plasma lipoproteins, and the cell nucleus (in phosphate form), possessing potential chemopreventive properties. As one of many intracellular phosphorylated compounds, Myo-inositol participates in cell signaling and may stimulate tumor cell differentiation. (NCI04) D-chiral Myo-inositol, an isomer of Myo-inositol, may be used to improve insulin sensitivity and reproductive function. Oral administration of D-chiral Myo-inositol can improve insulin sensitivity, enhance glucose tolerance, affect reproductive hormones and function, and may regulate certain neurotransmitters. Myo-inositol is a metabolite of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Pharmacological Indications: Myo-inositol can be used in unlimited quantities in food. As a drug, Myo-inositol can be used as a nutritional supplement in special dietary foods and infant formula. Because Myo-inositol plays an important role in ensuring egg fertilization, its application in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has been investigated. Myo-inositol is currently being investigated for the treatment of diabetes, prevention of metabolic syndrome, weight loss assistance, treatment of depression, mental illness and anxiety, and cancer prevention. Mechanism of Action: The mechanism of action of Myo-inositol in brain diseases is not fully understood, but it is generally believed that it may be involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitters and is a precursor to the phosphatidylMyo-inositol cycle. Changes occurring in this cycle mimic the situation where postsynaptic receptors are activated but not truly activated. This activity triggers a pseudoactivation, thereby regulating the activity of monoamines and other neurotransmitters. Reports indicate that insulin resistance plays a crucial role in the clinical development of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hyperinsulinemia can induce excessive androgen production by stimulating the ovaries to produce androgens and reducing serum levels of sex hormone-binding globulin. One mechanism of insulin deficiency is thought to be related to the lack of Myo-inositol in Myo-inositol phosphoglycans. Myo-inositol supplementation can enable it to act as a direct messenger of insulin signals and improve tissue glucose uptake. This mechanism is thought to be related to the role of Myo-inositol in diabetes treatment, metabolic syndrome, and weight loss. In cancer, the mechanism of action of Myo-inositol is not fully elucidated. It is hypothesized that Myo-inositol supplementation can increase the level of low-phosphate Myo-inositol phosphate, thereby affecting cell cycle regulation, growth, and differentiation of malignant cells. On the other hand, Myo-inositol hexaphosphate, generated after Myo-inositol supplementation, can exert antioxidant effects by chelating iron ions and inhibiting hydroxyl radicals.

C6H12O6

180.16

180.063

643-10-7

892

Typically exists as solid at room temperature

2.0±0.1 g/cm3

291.3±40.0 °C at 760 mmHg

270-280ºC (dec.)(lit.)

143.4±21.9 °C

0.0±1.4 mmHg at 25°C

1.784

-2.11

6

6

0

12

104

0

O([H])C1([H])C([H])(C([H])(C([H])(C([H])(C1([H])O[H])O[H])O[H])O[H])O[H]

CDAISMWEOUEBRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-2(8)4(10)6(12)5(11)3(1)9/h1-12H

cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)