| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Penicillin amidase targets the amide bond in penicillin molecules, specifically catalyzing the hydrolysis of penicillin G to 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) and phenylacetic acid. The enzyme also catalyzes the reverse reaction, the acylation of 6-APA with various acyl donors to produce semi-synthetic penicillins. Its primary applications are in the pharmaceutical industry for the production of β-lactam antibiotics and in research for the synthesis of penicillin derivatives.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, Penicillin amidase exhibits high catalytic activity towards penicillin G and related β-lactam compounds. The enzyme's activity is typically measured by monitoring the hydrolysis of penicillin G to 6-APA using spectrophotometric or chromatographic methods. Its substrate specificity and kinetic parameters, including Km and kcat, can be determined using various penicillin and cephalosporin substrates. The enzyme's activity can be modulated by pH, temperature, and the presence of inhibitors.
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| ln Vivo |
Penicillin amidase is not used for in vivo pharmacological activity assessment as a therapeutic agent. It is an enzyme used in industrial and research applications. The compound is not intended to be administered to animals for pharmacological studies. Its use is limited to in vitro applications for the synthesis and modification of β-lactam antibiotics.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays for Penicillin amidase typically involve measuring the hydrolysis of penicillin G or other β-lactam substrates. The enzyme is incubated with the substrate in a buffered solution at optimal pH (typically 7.5-8.0) and temperature (typically 37°C). The reaction is monitored by measuring the release of 6-APA or phenylacetic acid using spectrophotometric, chromatographic, or titrimetric methods. Kinetic parameters such as Km, Vmax, and kcat are determined from substrate saturation curves.
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| Cell Assay |
Penicillin amidase is not used in cell-based assays as a test compound. Its primary applications are in the pharmaceutical industry for the production of semi-synthetic penicillins and in research for the synthesis of β-lactam derivatives. The enzyme may be used in cell-free systems for biocatalytic applications, but it is not characterized as a pharmacological agent for direct cellular effects.
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| Animal Protocol |
Penicillin amidase is not used in animal studies as a pharmacological agent. Its primary applications are in the pharmaceutical industry and in research for the synthesis of β-lactam antibiotics. The enzyme may be used in the production of antibiotics that are subsequently tested in animal models, but the enzyme itself is not administered for therapeutic purposes.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Penicillin amidase has a molecular weight of approximately 70 kDa (monomer) and is typically produced from microbial sources such as Escherichia coli or Bacillus megaterium. The enzyme is available as a lyophilized powder or in solution. It is typically stored at 2-8°C for short-term storage or at -20°C for long-term storage. The enzyme is used in the pharmaceutical industry for the production of semi-synthetic penicillins and cephalosporins.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Penicillin amidase is intended for research and industrial use and is not approved for human therapeutic applications. As an enzyme, comprehensive toxicological data are not relevant for its intended use. Standard laboratory safety precautions should be observed when handling this compound, including the use of appropriate personal protective equipment. The compound should be handled in well-ventilated areas with proper waste disposal procedures.
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| References |
[1]. Duggleby HJ, et al. Penicillin acylase has a single-amino-acid catalytic centre. Nature. 1995 Jan 19;373(6511):264-8.
[2]. Avinash VS, et al. Penicillin acylases revisited: importance beyond their industrial utility. Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2016;36(2):303-16. [3]. Tishkov VI, et al. Protein engineering of penicillin acylase. Acta Naturae. 2010 Jul;2(3):47-61. |
| Additional Infomation |
Penicillin amidase (Penicillin acylase) (CAS#: 9014-06-6) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of penicillin G to 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) and phenylacetic acid. It is a key enzyme in the pharmaceutical industry for the production of semi-synthetic penicillins and cephalosporins. This compound is not a drug and is an enzyme for industrial and research use.
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| CAS # |
9014-06-6
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| Appearance |
White to light brown solid powder
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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