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| Targets |
β-Amyloid (1-40) targets neuronal cells and is implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The peptide aggregates to form amyloid plaques, which are a hallmark of the disease. These aggregates can interact with various cellular receptors, including NMDA receptors, and induce neurotoxicity through oxidative stress, calcium dysregulation, and inflammation. The peptide serves as a model system for studying Alzheimer's disease mechanisms and for screening potential therapeutic compounds.
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| ln Vitro |
The primary constituents of senile plaque amyloid are physiological peptides called β-Amyloid (1-40) and (1-42), which are found in the brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and plasma. Normal aging is characterized by a natural U-shaped trajectory for CSF β-amyloid (1-40) and (1-42) levels [1]. Additional β-Amyloid(1-40) aggregation 1. Solid Aβ peptide should be dissolved in cold HFIP (hexafluoro-2-propanol). For a minimum of one hour, peptides were incubated at room temperature in order to achieve structural randomization and monomerization. 2. The resultant peptides are kept in thin film form at -20 or -80°C after HFIP is removed by evaporation. 3. After the membrane has been dissolved, vortex and dilute it to the proper concentration and buffer (serum- and phenol red-free media) using 5 mM anhydrous DMSO. 4. Then, for 48 hours, keep the solution between 4 and 8°C. After centrifuging the samples for 10 minutes at 4–8°C at 14,000g, the supernatant contained soluble oligomers. For the studies, the supernatant was diluted 10-200 times. Different approaches are used based on the final application.
In vitro, β-Amyloid (1-40) exhibits neurotoxic effects on cultured neurons. The peptide aggregates over time to form fibrils and oligomers, which are the primary toxic species. It induces cell death through mechanisms involving oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis. The peptide also activates microglia and astrocytes, leading to an inflammatory response. Its aggregation kinetics and neurotoxicity are commonly assessed in cell-based assays using neuronal cell lines or primary neuronal cultures. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, β-Amyloid (1-40) is used to model Alzheimer's disease in animals. Intracerebroventricular or intrahippocampal injection of the peptide induces amyloid plaque formation, cognitive deficits, and neuroinflammation in rodent models. These models are used to study disease pathogenesis and to evaluate the efficacy of potential therapeutic compounds, including amyloid aggregation inhibitors, anti-inflammatory agents, and neuroprotective drugs.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro assays for β-Amyloid (1-40) typically involve monitoring its aggregation kinetics using thioflavin T fluorescence, which binds to β-sheet structures in amyloid fibrils. The peptide is incubated at 37°C in buffer solutions, and fluorescence is measured over time to determine the lag time, elongation rate, and final aggregation plateau. The morphology of aggregates can be assessed by transmission electron microscopy or atomic force microscopy. These assays are used to screen for compounds that inhibit amyloid aggregation.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for β-Amyloid (1-40) utilize neuronal cell lines such as SH-SY5Y, PC12, or primary cortical neurons. Cells are treated with aggregated or oligomeric forms of the peptide, and cell viability is assessed using MTT, CCK-8, or LDH release assays. Neurotoxicity is evaluated by measuring markers of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The peptide's effects on neuronal signaling pathways, including calcium flux and synaptic protein expression, can also be assessed. Standard cell culture conditions (37°C, 5% CO₂) are employed.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies with β-Amyloid (1-40) typically involve intracerebroventricular or intrahippocampal injection into rodents. The peptide is dissolved in sterile saline or artificial cerebrospinal fluid and administered via stereotaxic surgery. Endpoints include assessment of cognitive function using behavioral tests such as the Morris water maze or novel object recognition, measurement of amyloid plaque burden by immunohistochemistry, evaluation of neuroinflammation by assessing microglial and astrocytic activation, and analysis of synaptic protein levels. All procedures must comply with institutional animal care and use guidelines.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
β-Amyloid (1-40) is a synthetic peptide that is typically stored at -20°C or below. It is shipped on dry ice to maintain stability. The peptide is soluble in water or buffer solutions, and it is recommended to prepare fresh solutions before use due to its propensity to aggregate over time. The TFA salt form enhances solubility and stability. The peptide's aggregation kinetics are influenced by pH, temperature, and ionic strength.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
β-Amyloid (1-40) is not a therapeutic agent and is intended for research use only. The peptide itself is associated with neurotoxicity and requires careful handling. Standard laboratory safety precautions should be observed when handling this compound, including the use of appropriate personal protective equipment. The peptide should be handled in well-ventilated areas with proper waste disposal procedures. It is not approved for human therapeutic applications.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
β-Amyloid (1-40) (TFA) (CAS#: 131438-79-4 free base) is a synthetic peptide corresponding to the major protein fragment found in brain plaques of Alzheimer's disease patients. It has the sequence DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIGLMVGGVV-OH and a molecular weight of approximately 4,327-4,443 g/mol as the TFA salt. This peptide is widely used in Alzheimer's disease research. This compound is not a drug and has not undergone clinical trials.
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| Molecular Formula |
C194H295N53O58S.C2HF3O2
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| Molecular Weight |
4443.84
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: (1). Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light. (2). This product is not stable in solution, please use freshly prepared working solution for optimal results. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O :~100 mg/mL (~22.50 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 0.2250 mL | 1.1252 mL | 2.2503 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.0450 mL | 0.2250 mL | 0.4501 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.0225 mL | 0.1125 mL | 0.2250 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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