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| Targets |
Pyrazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid is reported to exhibit antibacterial and antifungal activity. The compound does not have a single defined primary target as a research chemical. As a dicarboxylic acid, it can act as a chelating ligand for metal ions. The compound is used in coordination chemistry and materials science for the preparation of metal-organic frameworks and coordination polymers.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro studies have reported that pyrazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid exhibits antibacterial and antifungal activity. The compound has been evaluated for its antimicrobial properties in various assay systems. In research settings, it is used as a ligand in coordination chemistry to prepare transition metal complexes that may have enhanced biological activities.
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| ln Vivo |
No specific in vivo pharmacological activity data have been documented for pyrazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid as a therapeutic agent. The compound is primarily used in coordination chemistry and materials science research. If evaluated in animal studies, it would be formulated using appropriate vehicles. Dosing and administration protocols would need to be established based on the specific research objectives.
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| Enzyme Assay |
For non-cellular assays, pyrazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid is characterized by standard analytical techniques including NMR, HPLC, and mass spectrometry to confirm identity and purity. The compound can be evaluated as a chelating ligand in coordination chemistry. Typical protocols involve dissolving the compound in aqueous or organic solvents and reacting with metal salts to form coordination complexes. Purity is typically ≥95% to ≥98%. Melting point: 188°C (dec.).
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| Cell Assay |
For in vitro cell-based studies, pyrazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid can be dissolved in DMSO or aqueous buffers and diluted in cell culture medium to appropriate concentrations. Cells are cultured under standard conditions and treated with the compound or its metal complexes to assess antimicrobial activity or other biological effects. Antibacterial and antifungal activities have been reported. Appropriate controls should be included in the experimental design.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo animal studies, pyrazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid can be formulated using standard injection vehicles. The compound powder should be stored at -20°C or at room temperature in a sealed, dry container. Dosing solutions should be freshly prepared and administered according to specific protocols with appropriate control groups. Standard handling procedures for carboxylic acids should be followed.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of pyrazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid have not been extensively characterized. The compound has a molecular weight of 168.11 and molecular formula C6H4N2O4. It has a pKa of 1.66±0.10, LogP of -1.257, and is soluble in water. Storage: sealed in dry conditions at room temperature. Purity: typically ≥95% to ≥98%. The compound is an off-white to pale brown solid.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Pyrazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid is classified with hazard codes F and C. Risk statements: R36/37/38 (irritating to eyes, respiratory system, and skin), R34 (causes burns), R11 (highly flammable). Safety statements: S22 (do not breathe dust), S24/25 (avoid contact with skin and eyes), S26 (in case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water), S36/37/39 (wear suitable protective clothing, gloves, and eye/face protection). WGK Germany: 3.
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| Additional Infomation |
It has antibacterial activity; its structure is derived from a first source.
Pyrazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (CAS 89-01-0) is also known as 2,3-pyrazinedicarboxylic acid, 2,3-dicarboxypyrazine, and NSC 1908. It has an EINECS number of 201-875-3, MDL number MFCD00006131, and BRN of 147982. The compound has been found to exhibit antifungal and antibacterial activity. It is used as a reagent in the preparation of transition metal pyrazinedicarboxylate complexes. No clinical trials or therapeutic approvals exist. |
| Molecular Formula |
C6H4N2O4
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
168.11
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| Exact Mass |
168.017
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| CAS # |
89-01-0
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| PubChem CID |
66628
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.7±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
449.1±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
188 °C (dec.)(lit.)
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| Flash Point |
225.4±28.7 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.2 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.638
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| LogP |
-3.2
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
12
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| Complexity |
184
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
C1=CN=C(C(=N1)C(=O)O)C(=O)O
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| InChi Key |
ZUCRGHABDDWQPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C6H4N2O4/c9-5(10)3-4(6(11)12)8-2-1-7-3/h1-2H,(H,9,10)(H,11,12)
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| Chemical Name |
pyrazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.9485 mL | 29.7424 mL | 59.4849 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.1897 mL | 5.9485 mL | 11.8970 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5948 mL | 2.9742 mL | 5.9485 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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