Diammonium phosphate is an inorganic salt that provides ammonium and phosphate ions in biological systems. As a buffer and nutrient source, it does not have specific biological receptors as its primary targets. The compound's phosphate component is essential for cellular energy metabolism (ATP), nucleic acid synthesis, and membrane phospholipids. The ammonium component serves as a nitrogen source for microbial growth and amino acid synthesis. The compound is used as a buffer to maintain physiological pH in biochemical assays and as a nutrient supplement in microbial culture media. Its primary applications are as a reagent and excipient rather than as a therapeutic agent.

In vitro, diammonium phosphate is used as a biochemical reagent and excipient in life science research. It is used as a buffer, nutrient source, and diuretic in various experimental systems. The compound is essential for studies involving enzyme activity, cellular metabolism, and pH regulation. It is used as a microbial nutrient and nutrient adjunct in fermentation and biochemical research. Cellular assays typically use the compound as a component of culture media or buffer systems. Its high stability and solubility make it suitable for various experimental protocols.

In vivo, diammonium phosphate is used as an excipient and nutrient supplement. As a source of phosphate and ammonium, it can influence systemic pH and electrolyte balance. The compound is used as a diuretic in certain clinical applications. It is also used in oenology as a yeast nutrient during fermentation. The compound is generally recognized as safe for use in food and pharmaceutical applications at appropriate concentrations. Specific therapeutic applications are limited, and the compound is primarily used as a reagent and excipient.

In vitro enzyme assays for diammonium phosphate typically involve its use as a buffer or nutrient source rather than as an enzyme inhibitor or activator. A standard assay protocol involves preparing buffer solutions containing diammonium phosphate at various concentrations (typically 10-100 mM) to maintain physiological pH. Enzyme activity is measured by quantifying substrate conversion using appropriate detection methods. The compound's phosphate and ammonium ions can influence enzyme activity through ionic effects and pH modulation. The compound's buffering capacity makes it valuable for maintaining consistent assay conditions.

Cellular assays for diammonium phosphate typically involve its use as a component of culture media or buffer systems. A standard protocol involves preparing cell culture media containing diammonium phosphate as a nutrient source or buffer. Cells are cultured in the media at 37°C with 5% CO₂. Cell growth, viability, and metabolism are assessed using standard assays. The compound's effects on cellular pH, metabolism, and nutrient utilization are evaluated. The compound's high solubility and stability make it suitable for various cell culture applications.

In vivo animal studies for diammonium phosphate are typically conducted to evaluate its safety as a food additive or excipient. A common protocol involves administering the compound to rodents via diet or oral gavage at doses determined from preliminary studies. Body weight, clinical signs, and organ histopathology are monitored. The compound's effects on systemic pH, electrolyte balance, and renal function are assessed. Pharmacokinetic studies may be conducted to evaluate absorption and excretion. The compound's safety profile as a food additive is established through these studies.

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Ingested dihydrogen phosphate is readily converted to monohydrogen phosphate; no dihydrogen phosphate was detected in the feces or urine of rats fed a diet containing up to 5% tetrasodium dihydrogen phosphate. In these experiments, dihydrogen phosphate was almost completely absorbed by the intestines and excreted in the urine as monohydrogen phosphate. /Diphosphate/
/ Orthophosphate is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and secreted in small amounts. Phosphate transport from the intestinal lumen is an active, energy-dependent process influenced by a variety of factors. …Vitamin D stimulates phosphate absorption, reportedly prior to its role in calcium ion transport. In adults, approximately two-thirds of ingested phosphate is absorbed, and almost all of the absorbed portion is excreted in the urine. In growing children, the phosphate balance is positive. Children have higher plasma phosphate concentrations than adults. This "hyperphosphatemia" reduces the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen and is considered one of the causes of physiological "anemia" in children. /Phosphate/

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Metabolism/Metabolites
In animals, bisphosphophosphate is produced from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in many enzymatic reactions. It can be utilized by participating in phosphorylation reactions, or it can be hydrolyzed to monophosphate by inorganic bisphosphatases. /Bisphosphophosphate/
Phosphate metabolism defects are present in many diseases, such as rickets, osteomalacia, primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism, and chronic renal failure. /Phosphate/

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Pharmacokinetic data for diammonium phosphate indicates that it is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The compound has a molecular weight of 132.06 g/mol and a molecular formula of H₉N₂O₄P. It is a solid at room temperature with a melting point of 155°C (dec.). It is soluble in water (1.7 mL/g) and has a pH of 8 (1% solution). Phosphate is distributed throughout the body and is essential for cellular function. Excess phosphate is excreted renally. Ammonium is converted to urea in the liver and excreted in urine. Specific pharmacokinetic parameters are available from the published literature.

Interactions
This article summarizes data on factors associated with cigarette addiction and dependence. The tobacco industry has conducted extensive research on nicotine, for example, striving to achieve addictive effects at the lowest possible dose. The addition of diammonium phosphate and urea makes cigarette smoke alkaline, thereby promoting nicotine absorption and transmembrane transport. The taste of cigarettes, the odor of the smoke, and the visual appeal of the packaging are also sensory factors that contribute to addiction. Finally, ingredients added to cigarettes such as menthol, sugar, cocoa, and licorice also play a role in cigarette dependence and addiction through mechanisms such as anesthetic effects on the respiratory tract. Non-human Toxicity Values Rabbit dermal LD50 >7950 mg/kg body weight
Rats oral LD50 6500 mg/kg body weight

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Diammonium phosphate is generally recognized as safe for use as a food additive and excipient. The compound is classified for research use and as a pharmaceutical excipient. Standard safety precautions include handling with appropriate personal protective equipment (gloves, lab coat, safety goggles) in a well-ventilated area. The compound should be stored in a dry, cool place away from incompatible materials. Acute toxicity is low. No significant toxicity is expected at normal usage levels. No specific LD₅₀ values are available in the public domain.

[1]. Diammonium hydrogen phosphate as a neutral and efficient catalyst for synthesis of 1, 8‐dioxo‐octahydroxanthene derivatives in aqueous media. Synthetic Communications, 2007, 37(7): 1059-1066.

[2]. Pharmaceutical excipients - quality, regulatory and biopharmaceutical considerations. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2016 May 25;87:88-99.

Ammonium phosphate is a white solid with a slightly ammonia-like odor. It sinks to the bottom of water and dissolves in water. (US Coast Guard, 1999)
Diamium hydrogen phosphate is an inorganic phosphate, the diammonium salt of phosphoric acid. Commercially available fertilizers have an elemental analysis result of 18-46-0 (N-P₂O₅-K₂O) and are sold under the name diammonium phosphate or DAP. It is a fertilizer. It is an inorganic phosphate and ammonium salt.
See also: Phosphate ion (with active moiety)... See more...

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Diammonium phosphate (DAP, Ammonium phosphate dibasic, CAS 7783-28-0) is an inorganic compound with the molecular formula H₉N₂O₄P. It is used as a buffer, nutrient source, excipient, and diuretic in biochemical and pharmaceutical research. The compound is classified as a research-use-only compound and as a pharmaceutical excipient. It is available from multiple commercial suppliers in various pack sizes. No clinical trials or approved drug status exist for this compound as it is not a therapeutic agent. Its applications are limited to research, formulation, and as a nutrient supplement.

H9N2O4P

132.06

132.029

7783-28-0

10124-31-9 (Parent)

24540

White crystals
Crystals or crystalline powder

1.203 g/mL at 25 °C

158ºC at 760 mmHg

155 °C with decomposition

1.53

3

4

0

7

46.5

0

P(=O)([O-])([O-])O[H].[N+]([H])([H])([H])[H].[N+]([H])([H])([H])[H]

MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/2H3N.H3O4P/c;;1-5(2,3)4/h2*1H3;(H3,1,2,3,4)

diazanium;hydrogen phosphate

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture.

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)