| Size | Price | |
|---|---|---|
| Other Sizes |
Purity: ≥98%
| Targets |
Radicals scavenger
|
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
Galactinol synthase (GolS) is a key enzyme in the synthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides that function as osmoprotectants in plant cells. In leaves of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants overexpressing heat shock transcription factor A2 (HsfA2), the transcription of GolS1, -2, and -4 and raffinose synthase 2 (RS2) was highly induced; thus, levels of Galactinol and raffinose increased compared with those in wild-type plants under control growth conditions. In leaves of the wild-type plants, treatment with 50 mum methylviologen (MV) increased the transcript levels of not only HsfA2, but also GolS1, -2, -3, -4, and -8 and RS2, -4, -5, and -6, the total activities of GolS isoenzymes, and the levels of Galactinol and raffinose. GolS1- or GolS2-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants (Ox-GolS1-11, Ox-GolS2-8, and Ox-GolS2-29) had increased levels of galactinol and raffinose in the leaves compared with wild-type plants under control growth conditions. High intracellular levels of Galactinol and raffinose in the transgenic plants were correlated with increased tolerance to MV treatment and salinity or chilling stress. Galactinol and raffinose effectively protected salicylate from attack by hydroxyl radicals in vitro. These findings suggest the possibility that galactinol and raffinose scavenge hydroxyl radicals as a novel function to protect plant cells from oxidative damage caused by MV treatment, salinity, or chilling [1].
|
| Enzyme Assay |
Determination of the Rate Constant for the Reaction between Galactinol and Raffinose and Hydroxyl Radicals [1]
The hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity of a compound can be analyzed with the competitive trapping assay (Smirnoff and Cumbes, 1989; Akashi et al., 2001). The second-order rate constant for the reaction between the compound and hydroxyl radicals is calculated according to the kinetic competition model for ROS scavengers (Mitsuta et al., 1990). The constant for salicylate, 1.2 × 1010 m−1 s−1 (Maskos et al., 1990), was used to calculate the constant for the competitor. |
| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
α-D-galactosyl-(1→3)-1D-inositol is an α-D-galactoside with a 1D-inositol substituent attached to its anomeric carbon atom. It is a metabolite found in both plants and mice. It is both an α-D-galactoside and a monosaccharide derivative. Its function is related to inositol. Galactitol has been reported in soybeans, lentils, and several other organisms with relevant data. In Ox-GolS1-11 transgenic plants, raffinose content was higher than galactitol, indicating that the endogenous activity of RS isoenzymes in transgenic plants was higher than the total activity of GolS isoenzymes. Conversely, in Ox-GolS2 plants, galactitol content was higher than raffinose (Figure 7C). The second-order rate constant of the reaction between galactitol and hydroxyl radicals was almost identical to that of raffinose (Table I). Galactitol and raffinose, as antioxidants, may contribute similarly to plant stress resistance. Although the total galactitol and raffinose contents in Ox-GolS1-11 plants were much lower than those in Ox-GolS2-8 and Ox-GolS2-29 plants (Figs. 9 and 10), they still exhibited a distinct MV tolerance phenotype. This finding suggests that initial intracellular galactitol and raffinose levels in Ox-GolS1-11 plants are at least necessary to achieve protection of cellular components from oxidative damage caused by environmental stress (Figs. 9–11; Supplementary Fig. S5). Under a light intensity of 100 μE m−2 s−1, the total amounts of galactitol and raffinose in wild-type plants treated with MV for 6 hours, and under a light intensity of 1,600 μE m−2 s−1, the total amounts of galactitol and raffinose in wild-type plants treated with MV for 3 hours, were approximately 1.9 times and 2.4 times higher, respectively, than those in Ox-GolS1-11 plants that exhibited a significant MV tolerance phenotype (Figures 5-7). [1]
|
| Molecular Formula |
C12H22O11
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
342.30
|
| Exact Mass |
342.116
|
| CAS # |
3687-64-7
|
| Related CAS # |
1217474-91-3 (dihydrate)
|
| PubChem CID |
11727586
|
| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
|
| Density |
1.84g/cm3
|
| Boiling Point |
609.9ºC at 760mmHg
|
| Melting Point |
114ºC
|
| Flash Point |
322.7ºC
|
| Index of Refraction |
1.686
|
| LogP |
-5.3
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
9
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
11
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
23
|
| Complexity |
379
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
9
|
| SMILES |
C([C@@H]1[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](O1)OC2[C@H]([C@H](C([C@H]([C@@H]2O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O
|
| InChi Key |
VCWMRQDBPZKXKG-ZNVDUFQESA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C12H22O11/c13-1-2-3(14)4(15)10(21)12(22-2)23-11-8(19)6(17)5(16)7(18)9(11)20/h2-21H,1H2/t2-,3+,4+,5?,6-,7+,8+,9+,10-,11?,12-/m1/s1
|
| Chemical Name |
(1S,2S,4R,5S)-6-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxycyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol
|
| Synonyms |
Galactinol; 3687-64-7; 1-alpha-D-Galactosyl-myo-inositol; alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-1D-myo-inositol; GALACTINOL HYDRATE; WZE56L8UKR; 1-O-alpha-D-Galactosyl-D-myo-inositol; CHEBI:17505;
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O: 250 mg/mL (730.35 mM)
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.9214 mL | 14.6071 mL | 29.2141 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.5843 mL | 2.9214 mL | 5.8428 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2921 mL | 1.4607 mL | 2.9214 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Products are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
Copyright 2020 InvivoChem LLC | All Rights Reserved
COA