| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1mg |
|
||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Glucose-malemide is a targeting ligand and biochemical reagent rather than a direct pharmacological agent. Its primary targets are glucose transporters (GLUTs) on cell surfaces, which mediate the cellular uptake of glucose. The maleimide group provides a reactive handle for conjugation to thiol-containing molecules (e.g., proteins, peptides, or drugs), enabling the construction of glucose-targeted drug delivery systems. Its mechanism of action involves recognition and binding to glucose transporters, facilitating the internalization of conjugated therapeutic payloads into cells.
|
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
In vitro, glucose-malemide is used as a targeting ligand and biochemical reagent for biomedical research. It can be utilized in the preparation of glucose-responsive insulin delivery compositions to conjugate glucose to insulin. The compound's ability to target glucose transporters makes it valuable for studying cellular glucose uptake mechanisms and for developing targeted drug delivery systems. Cellular assays typically evaluate its binding affinity to glucose transporters, its cellular uptake efficiency, and its ability to deliver conjugated payloads into cells. The compound's maleimide functionality allows for site-specific conjugation to thiol-containing biomolecules.
|
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, glucose-malemide is used in preclinical research for the development of glucose-responsive drug delivery systems. It can be used in the preparation of glucose-responsive insulin delivery compositions. The compound's ability to target glucose transporters suggests potential applications in diabetes research and metabolic disease studies. Its glucose moiety enables active targeting of cells with high glucose transporter expression. The compound is classified for research use only and is not intended for human or veterinary therapeutic applications without further development.
|
| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro receptor binding assays for glucose-malemide typically evaluate its binding affinity to glucose transporters (GLUTs). A standard protocol involves immobilizing GLUT proteins on a sensor chip or in microtiter plates and incubating with varying concentrations of glucose-malemide. Binding affinity is assessed using surface plasmon resonance or fluorescence-based binding assays. The compound is dissolved in DMSO and diluted to working concentrations (typically 0.1-100 μM). Competitive binding assays with native glucose can be performed to determine specificity. Kd or IC₅₀ values are calculated from dose-response curves.
|
| Cell Assay |
Cellular assays for glucose-malemide typically evaluate its cellular uptake and targeting efficiency. A standard protocol involves culturing cells with high glucose transporter expression (e.g., cancer cell lines, adipocytes) in growth medium at 37°C with 5% CO₂. Cells are treated with varying concentrations of fluorescently labeled glucose-malemide or glucose-malemide-drug conjugates for 1-24 hours. Cellular uptake is assessed by flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy. Competition assays with excess native glucose are performed to confirm GLUT-mediated uptake. Cytotoxicity is assessed using MTT or similar assays. IC₅₀ or EC₅₀ values are calculated from dose-response curves.
|
| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for glucose-malemide typically evaluate its targeting efficiency and therapeutic efficacy in disease models. A common protocol involves administering glucose-malemide-drug conjugates to rodents via intravenous injection. Biodistribution is assessed by measuring drug or label concentrations in tissues using HPLC or fluorescence imaging. For diabetes research, glucose-responsive insulin release is evaluated by monitoring blood glucose levels. Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety are assessed in appropriate animal models. The compound's targeting efficiency is compared to non-targeted controls. Specific in vivo protocols depend on the conjugated payload and disease model.
|
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic data for glucose-malemide is limited, as it is primarily a research reagent. The compound has a molecular weight of 398.41 g/mol and a molecular formula of C₁₈H₂₆N₂O₈. It appears as a solid and is stored at 4°C, protected from light. As a glycoconjugate, it is expected to have moderate water solubility. The glucose moiety may facilitate recognition by glucose transporters and influence biodistribution. The maleimide group is reactive towards thiols and may form conjugates with serum proteins in vivo. Specific ADME data is not available.
|
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Glucose-malemide is classified for research use only and is not intended for human or veterinary applications. Standard safety precautions include handling with appropriate personal protective equipment (gloves, lab coat, safety goggles) in a well-ventilated area. The compound should be stored at 4°C, protected from light. Acute toxicity data is not readily available in the public literature. As with all research chemicals, appropriate laboratory safety practices should be followed. No specific LD₅₀ values are available in the public domain.
|
| References |
[1]. Zhen GU, et al. Glucose responsive insulin delivery compositions and methods. Patent WO2017124102A1.
|
| Additional Infomation |
Glucose-malemide (CAS 2093979-63-4) is a glycoconjugate with the molecular formula C₁₈H₂₆N₂O₈ and a molecular weight of 398.41 g/mol. It consists of a glucose molecule and a maleimide group attached via a linker molecule. The compound is useful for targeting glucose transporters and for studies involving cellular glucose uptake mechanisms. It can be used in the preparation of glucose-responsive insulin delivery compositions. The compound is classified as a research-use-only reagent and is available from multiple commercial suppliers. No clinical trials or approved drug status exist for this compound.
|
| Exact Mass |
398.169
|
|---|---|
| CAS # |
2093979-63-4
|
| PubChem CID |
168476174
|
| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
5
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
8
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
9
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
28
|
| Complexity |
611
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
4
|
| SMILES |
C1CC(CCC1CN2C(=O)C=CC2=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C=O)[C@H]([C@@H]([C@@H](CO)O)O)O
|
| InChi Key |
WGCWWZIZUDJXPC-WYDHFJRPSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C18H26N2O8/c21-8-12(16(26)17(27)13(23)9-22)19-18(28)11-3-1-10(2-4-11)7-20-14(24)5-6-15(20)25/h5-6,8,10-13,16-17,22-23,26-27H,1-4,7,9H2,(H,19,28)/t10?,11?,12-,13+,16+,17+/m0/s1
|
| Chemical Name |
4-[(2,5-dioxopyrrol-1-yl)methyl]-N-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxy-1-oxohexan-2-yl]cyclohexane-1-carboxamide
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Products are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
Copyright 2020 InvivoChem LLC | All Rights Reserved
