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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose targets hexokinase, the first enzyme in the glycolytic pathway. Hexokinase phosphorylates glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, trapping it inside cells. 2-FDG is taken up by cells via glucose transporters (GLUTs) and phosphorylated by hexokinase to 2-FDG-6-phosphate. However, unlike glucose-6-phosphate, 2-FDG-6-phosphate cannot be further metabolized and accumulates inside cells. This accumulation forms the basis for PET imaging, where the radioactive isotope ¹⁸F allows visualization of metabolically active tissues such as tumors.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose is used as a biochemical reagent to study glucose metabolism and hexokinase activity. The compound is taken up by cells via glucose transporters and phosphorylated by hexokinase, but cannot be further metabolized. This makes it useful for studying glucose uptake and metabolic flux in cell culture. In cell-based assays, 2-FDG is used to measure glucose uptake and to inhibit glycolysis. However, the compound itself is not a pharmacologically active drug; it is a research tool and the precursor to the PET imaging agent [¹⁸F]FDG.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose is the parent compound of [¹⁸F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([¹⁸F]FDG), a widely used radiopharmaceutical for PET imaging. [¹⁸F]FDG is administered intravenously and accumulates in metabolically active tissues such as tumors, the brain, and the heart. The compound is taken up by cells via glucose transporters, phosphorylated by hexokinase, and trapped intracellularly. PET imaging detects the radioactive decay of ¹⁸F, allowing visualization of tissue metabolic activity. [¹⁸F]FDG is used in oncology for tumor detection and staging, in neurology for brain imaging, and in cardiology for myocardial viability assessment.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro assays for 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose typically involve glucose uptake studies. A standard protocol involves culturing cells in 24-well or 96-well plates and treating them with 2-FDG at concentrations ranging from 0.1-10 mM for 30-120 minutes. Cells are washed and lysed, and intracellular 2-FDG or 2-FDG-6-phosphate is measured by HPLC or using fluorescent glucose analogs. For hexokinase activity assays, cell lysates are incubated with 2-FDG and ATP, and product formation is measured spectrophotometrically. Quality control includes HPLC and melting point determination.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell culture experiments with 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose typically involve glucose uptake and glycolysis inhibition studies. Cells are cultured in glucose-free or low-glucose media and treated with 2-FDG at concentrations ranging from 0.1-10 mM for 1-24 hours. Glucose uptake is measured using radiolabeled or fluorescent glucose analogs. Glycolysis inhibition is assessed by measuring lactate production or extracellular acidification rate. Cell viability is assessed using MTT assays to ensure that observed effects are not due to cytotoxicity. The compound is also used in studies of the Warburg effect in cancer cells.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies with 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose are typically conducted with the radioactive analog [¹⁸F]FDG for PET imaging. A standard protocol involves intravenous injection of [¹⁸F]FDG at doses of 5-15 mCi in mice or rats, followed by PET/CT imaging after 45-60 minutes of uptake. Animals are anesthetized during imaging. For biodistribution studies, animals are sacrificed at various time points, and tissues are harvested for radioactivity counting. For tumor imaging, mice bearing xenografts are used. The compound is also used in glucose metabolism studies in animal models of diabetes and obesity.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose are well characterized due to its use as a PET imaging agent. Following intravenous administration, 2-FDG is rapidly distributed throughout the body. It is taken up by cells via GLUT transporters and phosphorylated by hexokinase to 2-FDG-6-phosphate, which is trapped intracellularly. The compound is cleared from the blood with a half-life of approximately 10-20 minutes. Unphosphorylated 2-FDG is excreted in urine. The radioactive analog [¹⁸F]FDG has a physical half-life of 110 minutes, which limits imaging to a few hours post-injection.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological data for 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose indicate that it is safe for use as a biochemical reagent and as a precursor for PET imaging. The compound is not classified as a carcinogen, mutagen, or reproductive toxicant. For the radioactive analog [¹⁸F]FDG, radiation exposure is the primary safety concern, and the compound is used at low doses that provide acceptable risk-benefit ratios for diagnostic imaging. Standard laboratory precautions should be followed when handling the non-radioactive compound. The compound should be stored in a cool, dry place away from light.
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| Additional Infomation |
2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehyde-D-glucose is a 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucuronide compound whose function is related to aldehyde-D-glucose. Fluorodeoxyglucose is being investigated in the clinical trial NCT03262389 (Comparison of F-18 FDG and C-11 acetate PET in multiple myeloma). This compound is administered intravenously via positron emission tomography (PET) to assess glucose metabolism in the brain and myocardium under various physiological or pathological conditions, including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also used to detect malignancies, including brain, liver, and thyroid tumors. (Excerpt from Martindale Pharmacopoeia, 30th edition, p. 1162)
2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose is a glucose analog that has been used extensively in biochemical research due to its distinctive fluorinated structure, which inhibits its metabolism by hexokinase. It is the parent compound of [¹⁸F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([¹⁸F]FDG), a widely used radiopharmaceutical for PET imaging in oncology, neurology, and cardiology. The compound is also known as 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose and fludeoxyglucose. It has not undergone clinical trials as a therapeutic drug but is approved as a diagnostic imaging agent. Its mechanism of action involves uptake by glucose transporters and phosphorylation by hexokinase, leading to intracellular accumulation. |
| Molecular Formula |
C6H11FO5
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
182.15
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| Exact Mass |
182.059
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| CAS # |
29702-43-0
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| Related CAS # |
2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose-13C;478518-95-5;2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose-13C,d7
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| PubChem CID |
170049
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.5±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
478.4±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
170ºC
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| Flash Point |
243.1±28.7 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±2.7 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.505
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| LogP |
-2.37
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
4
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
5
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| Heavy Atom Count |
12
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| Complexity |
142
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
4
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| SMILES |
C([C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](C=O)F)O)O)O)O
|
| InChi Key |
AOYNUTHNTBLRMT-SLPGGIOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C6H11FO5/c7-3(1-8)5(11)6(12)4(10)2-9/h1,3-6,9-12H,2H2/t3-,4+,5+,6+/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2R,3S,4R,5R)-2-fluoro-3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyhexanal
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.4900 mL | 27.4499 mL | 54.8998 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.0980 mL | 5.4900 mL | 10.9800 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5490 mL | 2.7450 mL | 5.4900 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Link: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02886793
Conditions:Pulmonary HypertensionLink: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00001568
Conditions:Colorectal NeoplasmProducts are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
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