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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Sodium nonanoate does not have a defined biological target as it is a surfactant and biochemical reagent rather than a pharmacologically active compound. Its function is physicochemical—it reduces surface tension and forms micelles in aqueous solutions. As a fatty acid salt, it can interact with cell membranes and lipid bilayers through hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions, potentially affecting membrane fluidity and permeability. However, these effects are non-specific and concentration-dependent. The compound is not designed for therapeutic use and has no specific receptor or enzyme targets.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, sodium nonanoate exhibits significant surfactant properties, including the ability to reduce surface tension and form micelles. It is soluble in water and can effectively reduce surface tension between liquids and solids. These properties make it useful in research applications studying surfactant behavior and micelle formation. In cell-based assays, fatty acid salts can cause concentration-dependent cytotoxicity due to membrane disruption. However, sodium nonanoate is not used as a therapeutic agent. Its role is primarily physicochemical—providing surfactant properties for biochemical and industrial research.
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| ln Vivo |
Sodium nonanoate is not a pharmacologically active agent and does not exhibit in vivo therapeutic activity. It is used as a biochemical reagent for research purposes. The compound is not intended for human consumption and has not been evaluated for therapeutic efficacy. Its role is strictly chemical—serving as a surfactant for studying surface phenomena and micelle formation. The compound is not administered to animals in pharmacological studies and has no known physiological effects beyond its surfactant properties.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro assays for sodium nonanoate focus on its surfactant properties rather than receptor binding. A standard protocol involves measuring surface tension using a tensiometer at varying concentrations of the compound in aqueous solution. Critical micelle concentration (CMC) is determined by conductivity or fluorescence methods. For emulsion studies, the compound is mixed with oil and water, and emulsion stability is monitored over time. For quality control, the compound is characterized by HPLC, titration, and melting point determination. Purity is typically >98.0%.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell culture experiments with sodium nonanoate are typically cytotoxicity studies to assess the safety of the surfactant. A standard protocol involves culturing mammalian cells (e.g., HaCaT keratinocytes or HEK-293 cells) in 96-well plates until 70-80% confluence. The compound is serially diluted in culture medium (typically 0-1000 µg/mL) and added to cells for 24-48 hours. Cell viability is assessed using MTT or resazurin reduction assays, with IC₅₀ values calculated from dose-response curves. Membrane integrity can be evaluated using LDH release assays. Positive controls (e.g., Triton X-100) and vehicle controls are included.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies with sodium nonanoate are limited to toxicological evaluations for safety assessment. Standard protocols for oral toxicity testing in rodents follow OECD guidelines. The compound is administered by gavage at doses ranging from 100-2000 mg/kg, and animals are monitored for 14 days for mortality, body weight changes, and clinical signs. For dermal studies, the compound is applied to shaved skin and observed for signs of irritation. Histopathological examination of major organs is performed at study termination. The compound is not used in efficacy studies as it is not a therapeutic agent.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of sodium nonanoate are partially characterized due to its nature as a fatty acid salt. Following oral administration, the compound is absorbed as nonanoic acid and metabolized via β-oxidation, similar to other medium-chain fatty acids. It is distributed to various tissues and primarily excreted as carbon dioxide and water. The compound has high water solubility and is expected to have moderate bioavailability. However, formal pharmacokinetic studies are limited as the compound is not intended for human use as a drug.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological data for sodium nonanoate indicate that it has low acute toxicity. The compound may cause skin and eye irritation upon contact. Inhalation of dust may cause respiratory irritation. Standard laboratory precautions should be followed when handling the compound, including the use of gloves, safety glasses, and working in a fume hood. The compound is not classified as a carcinogen or mutagen based on available data. It is not intended for drug, household, or other uses.
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| Additional Infomation |
See also: Fatty acids, C6-12, sodium salts (notes moved to).
Sodium nonanoate is a surfactant and biochemical reagent used for studying surfactant behavior, micelle formation, and surface phenomena. It is also known as sodium pelargonate and is the sodium salt of pelargonic acid (nonanoic acid). The compound is soluble in water and exhibits significant surface-active properties. It has not undergone clinical trials and is not approved as a pharmaceutical. Its mechanism of action is physicochemical—reducing surface tension and forming micelles in aqueous solutions. |
| Molecular Formula |
C9H17NAO2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
180.22
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| Exact Mass |
180.113
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| CAS # |
14047-60-0
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| Related CAS # |
112-05-0 (Parent)
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| PubChem CID |
23674758
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
0.921g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
254.9ºC at 760mmHg
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| Melting Point |
12.4ºC
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| Flash Point |
114.9ºC
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| LogP |
1.486
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
2
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
7
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| Heavy Atom Count |
12
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| Complexity |
105
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
CCCCCCCCC(=O)[O-].[Na+]
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| InChi Key |
LTOCMXUTASYUOC-UHFFFAOYSA-M
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C9H18O2.Na/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9(10)11;/h2-8H2,1H3,(H,10,11);/q;+1/p-1
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| Chemical Name |
sodium;nonanoate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.5488 mL | 27.7439 mL | 55.4877 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.1098 mL | 5.5488 mL | 11.0975 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5549 mL | 2.7744 mL | 5.5488 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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