Metabolism / Metabolites
Cadmium can be absorbed orally, through inhalation, and through the skin. Cadmium initially binds to metallothionein and albumin and is primarily transported to the kidneys and liver. Toxic effects occur when cadmium concentrations exceed the available metallothionein concentration, and studies have shown that the cadmium-metallothionein complex may have damaging effects. Cadmium does not undergo any direct metabolic transformation and is primarily excreted unchanged in the urine. (L6)

Toxicity Summary
Cadmium first binds to metallothionein and is then transported to the kidneys. Toxic effects occur when cadmium concentrations exceed the available metallothionein concentration. Studies have shown that the cadmium-metallothionein complex itself may also have damaging effects. Accumulation of cadmium in the kidneys leads to increased excretion of important low- and high-molecular-weight proteins. Cadmium is a high-affinity analog of zinc and can interfere with zinc biological processes. It can also bind to and activate estrogen receptors, potentially stimulating the growth of certain types of cancer cells and causing other estrogen-like effects, such as reproductive dysfunction. Cadmium induces apoptosis by activating mitogen-activated protein kinases (L8, A18, A19, A28). Toxicity Data
LD50: 225 mg/kg (oral, rat) (T14) LD50: 5700 ug/kg (intraperitoneal, mouse) (T14)

[1]. Pandey A. Glucoamylase research: An overview. Starch‐Stärke, 1995, 47(11): 439-445.

Cadmium (2+) is a divalent metallic cation, and also a monatomic divalent cation. It functions as a cofactor. Cadmium (Group IIB of the periodic table) is a heavy metal. It is not a naturally occurring metal in biological systems. Cadmium poses a serious threat to human health. Physiologically, it exists in the body in ionic form. To date, no physiological function of cadmium in the human body has been confirmed. Therefore, its potential for biological hazards is of increasing concern. As first described by Friedrich Stromeier (Göttingen, Germany) in 1817, cadmium poisoning can cause damage to the kidneys, bones, and lungs. Cadmium is widely used in industrial production, for example as a preservative, stabilizer for PVC products, pigment, neutron absorber in nuclear power plants, and raw material for nickel-cadmium batteries. Phosphate fertilizers also contain significant amounts of cadmium. While some cadmium-containing products can be recycled, most cadmium pollution is caused by the dumping and incineration of cadmium-containing waste. For example, in Scandinavia, the concentration of cadmium in farmland soil increases by 0.2% annually. Global cadmium emissions total 7,000 tons per year. Under German law, the maximum permissible concentration of cadmium in a worker's blood is 15 micrograms per liter. In comparison, the average concentration of cadmium in the blood of non-smokers is 0.5 micrograms per liter. Cadmium is absorbed primarily through three routes: gastrointestinal absorption, pulmonary absorption, and skin absorption. Approximately 5% of the ingested cadmium is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, the exact percentage depending on the dosage and nutritional composition. The main source of inhaled cadmium poisoning is cigarette smoke. The human lungs can absorb 40% to 60% of the cadmium in tobacco smoke. Research on cadmium absorption through the skin is limited. Skin absorption of cadmium mainly occurs through two mechanisms: first, free cadmium ions bind to the sulfhydryl radicals of cysteine in epidermal keratin; second, cadmium forms a complex with metallothionein. After entering the bloodstream, cadmium is mostly transported in the form of proteins (such as albumin and metallothionein). After entering the bloodstream from the gastrointestinal tract, the first organ cadmium reaches is the liver. In the liver, cadmium induces the production of metallothionein. Subsequently, hepatocytes undergo necrosis and apoptosis, and the cadmium-metallothionein complex is flushed into the hepatic sinusoidal blood. Some absorbed cadmium enters the bile duct through secretion and enters the enterohepatic circulation as a cadmium-glutathione conjugate. Within the bile duct, cadmium is enzymatically degraded into a cadmium-cysteine complex, which then re-enters the small intestine. The kidneys are the primary organ for long-term cadmium accumulation. The half-life of cadmium in the kidneys is approximately 10 years. Therefore, lifelong cadmium intake leads to cadmium accumulation in the kidneys, eventually causing renal tubular cell necrosis. Blood cadmium concentration is a reliable indicator of recent cadmium exposure, while urine cadmium concentration reflects past cadmium exposure, cadmium load in the body, and cadmium accumulation in the kidneys. Cadmium is primarily excreted through feces and urine. (A7670)
See also: Cadmium sulfide (active fraction); Cadmium chloride (active ingredient); Cadmium sulfate (active ingredient)... See more...

CD

112.411003112793

474.218

9032-08-0

31193

Light brown to brown solid powder

1.3±0.1 g/cm3

778.3±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg

321 °C

424.5±32.9 °C

0.0±2.7 mmHg at 25°C

1.683

6.95

0

0

0

1

0

0

WLZRMCYVCSSEQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/Cd/q+2

cadmium(2+)

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture.

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)