| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1mg |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
RAD16-I hydrochloride does not target specific biological receptors; instead, it functions as a synthetic extracellular matrix (ECM) mimetic. Its mechanism of action is based on self-assembly into a nanofibrous hydrogel that provides structural and biochemical support for cell growth and differentiation. The peptide's alternating positive (R) and negative (D) charges promote intermolecular interactions, including hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, leading to the formation of stable beta-sheet structures. Upon exposure to physiological ionic strength (e.g., cell culture media or body fluids), the peptide rapidly self-assembles into a three-dimensional network of nanofibers. This hydrogel scaffold supports cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and insulin secretion, effectively stabilizes islet clusters, and promotes directed differentiation of the cardiac lineage.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, RAD16-I hydrochloride promotes cell viability, self-organization, adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and insulin secretion. It supports the growth of various cell types, including chondrocytes, osteoblasts, neural cells, and pancreatic islet cells. In studies using HUVEC (human umbilical vein endothelial cells), RAD16-I supports capillary morphogenesis, which is not possible with generic self-assembling peptides like KLD-12 or KFE-8, which cause cell clustering and assay failure. RAD16-I also enhances osteoblast differentiation and indicates that the incorporation of this peptide provides a more permissive environment for osteoblast growth. The peptide creates a 3D microenvironment that more accurately recapitulates in vivo conditions compared to 2D culture or ECM scaffolds like Matrigel or collagen, which have batch variability and introduce unwanted stiffness and confounding factors.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, RAD16-I hydrochloride has been used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. When injected in vivo, the peptide self-assembles into a hydrogel that can act as a scaffold for tissue repair and regeneration. It has been used to promote wound healing (particularly scarless wound healing) by acting as a scaffold for skin cells and a reservoir for active compounds. In bone regeneration studies, RAD16-I enhances osteoblast growth and differentiation, leading to improved bone repair in animal models. The hydrogel has also been used for cartilage repair, spinal cord injury repair, and as a delivery system for cells and growth factors. In heart studies, it effectively stabilizes islet clusters and promotes directed differentiation of the cardiac lineage. Because it is highly biocompatible and mimics the native ECM, RAD16-I causes minimal inflammation or immune response.
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| Enzyme Assay |
A typical in vitro protocol for preparing RAD16-I hydrochloride hydrogel involves the following steps. RAD16-I hydrochloride is purchased as a lyophilized powder and stored at -20degC. To prepare a 1% (w/v) stock solution, dissolve 10 mg of the peptide in 1 mL of sterile, deionized water. Vortex until the solution is clear (the peptide is water-soluble). For use in cell culture, dilute the stock solution to the desired concentration (typically 0.1-0.5% w/v) in sterile 10% sucrose solution. To induce gelation, mix the peptide solution with an equal volume of cell culture medium containing 10% FBS (final peptide concentration 0.05-0.25% w/v). The mixture will form a self-supporting hydrogel within 5-30 minutes at 37degC. For 3D cell culture, cells are suspended in the cell culture medium before mixing with the peptide solution. Alternatively, cells are seeded on top of the pre-formed hydrogel. The gel stiffness can be tuned by adjusting the peptide concentration, with higher concentrations resulting in stiffer hydrogels.
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| Cell Assay |
An in vitro 3D cell culture protocol using RAD16-I hydrochloride hydrogel involves the following steps. RAD16-I is dissolved in sterile 10% sucrose solution at 0.1-0.5% (w/v) final concentration. Cells (e.g., chondrocytes, osteoblasts, neural stem cells) are harvested and resuspended in cell culture medium (e.g., DMEM with 10% FBS) at 1-5×10⁶ cells/mL. For embedding, mix equal volumes of the peptide solution and the cell suspension by gentle pipetting, avoiding bubble formation. Immediately pipette the mixture into culture wells or chamber slides (50-100 microL per well). Incubate the plate at 37degC for 20-30 minutes to allow gelation. After gelation, carefully overlay with culture medium and maintain at 37degC in 5% CO2. The culture medium is changed every 2-3 days. Cell viability and proliferation are assessed using live/dead staining (calcein-AM/ethidium homodimer) or an MTT assay. For differentiation studies, cells are cultured in differentiation medium for 7-21 days, and markers are evaluated by immunocytochemistry, qRT-PCR, and Western blot.
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| Animal Protocol |
An in vivo animal protocol for using RAD16-I hydrochloride for tissue regeneration involves a wound healing model. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g) are anesthetized, and the dorsal skin is shaved and sterilized. Full-thickness excisional skin wounds (8 mm diameter) are created using a biopsy punch. For the treatment group, RAD16-I hydrogel is prepared as described above (1% peptide in 10% sucrose mixed 1:1 with PBS to form a gel). The hydrogel is applied to the wound bed (50 microL per wound). The control group receives no treatment or vehicle. Wounds are covered with sterile gauze and Tegaderm. Photographs of the wounds are taken on days 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21 to measure wound closure. Wound tissues are harvested at different time points for histological analysis (H&E and Masson‘s trichrome staining to assess re-epithelialization and collagen deposition), immunohistochemistry (to detect proliferation marker Ki67, inflammation marker CD68, angiogenesis marker CD31), and gene expression analysis by qRT-PCR. RAD16-I-treated wounds are expected to show accelerated wound closure, reduced scarring, and improved tissue architecture.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
As a biomaterial scaffold, RAD16-I hydrochloride is not characterized by traditional pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, Tmax, AUC, half-life). When injected in vivo, the peptide self-assembles into a hydrogel at the injection site and remains localized, undergoing gradual degradation over days to weeks depending on the formulation. Degradation occurs through proteolytic cleavage by enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that are present in the extracellular environment. The degradation products are individual peptides and amino acids that are metabolized and cleared through normal pathways. Unlike small-molecule drugs, RAD16-I does not circulate in the bloodstream in significant quantities. Its retention time can be extended by increasing the peptide concentration or chemical modification. The lack of systemic exposure reduces the risk of off-target effects.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
RAD16-I hydrochloride has been widely studied for biocompatibility and toxicity, and it is generally considered non-toxic. As a self-assembling peptide that mimics natural ECM, it is highly biocompatible and elicits minimal inflammatory or immune responses. In vitro, the hydrogel does not reduce cell viability or cause cytotoxicity. In vivo studies have shown that RAD16-I is well-tolerated, with minimal inflammation, fibrosis, or foreign body reactions. The peptide degrades into amino acids (alanine, arginine, aspartic acid), which are naturally occurring and non-toxic. No acute or chronic toxicity has been reported in published studies. RAD16-I is not intended for human use as a therapeutic agent without appropriate regulatory approval. Standard laboratory safety precautions (gloves, lab coat, safety glasses) are sufficient when handling the peptide powder. The lyophilized powder is stable for at least 3 years when stored at -20degC.
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| References |
[1]. Gerard Rubí-Sans, et al. Development of a Three-Dimensional Bioengineered Platform for Articular Cartilage Regeneration. Biomolecules. 2019 Dec 28;10(1):52.
[2]. Yongzhu Chen, et al. Amyloid-like staining property of RADA16-I nanofibers and its potential application in detecting and imaging the nanomaterial. Int J Nanomedicine. 2018 Apr 23;13:2477-2489. |
| Additional Infomation |
RAD16-I hydrochloride is a synthetic, water-soluble, self-assembling peptide widely used in 3D cell culture and tissue engineering applications. It forms a ~5 Pa nanofibrous hydrogel that recapitulates brain-tissue mechanics and creates a less-permissive 3D microenvironment for modeling early-stage tumorigenesis. It is the active component of the commercial hydrogel product PuraMatrix™. RAD16-I supports the adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of various cell types, including chondrocytes, osteoblasts, neural cells, and pancreatic islet cells. It is used for 3D cell culture, bioprinting, drug delivery, and regenerative medicine applications. The peptide is provided as a lyophilized hydrochloride salt with ≥98% purity, ensuring the low-pH starting state essential for triggered beta-sheet self-assembly. The product is for research use only and is not intended for therapeutic applications without regulatory approval.
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| Exact Mass |
1747.822
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|---|---|
| CAS # |
2100275-49-6
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| Related CAS # |
RAD16-I;289042-25-7
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| PubChem CID |
168013175
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
34
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
29
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
60
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| Heavy Atom Count |
121
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| Complexity |
3760
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
16
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| SMILES |
C[C@@H](C(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)C.Cl
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| InChi Key |
PVSONEUSMDGDLQ-ZVJONXDSSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C66H113N29O25.ClH/c1-26(47(67)105)80-59(117)39(22-43(97)98)92-52(110)31(6)82-56(114)36(15-11-19-77-64(70)71)89-49(107)28(3)86-61(119)41(24-45(101)102)94-54(112)33(8)84-58(116)38(17-13-21-79-66(74)75)91-50(108)29(4)87-62(120)42(25-46(103)104)95-53(111)32(7)83-57(115)37(16-12-20-78-65(72)73)90-48(106)27(2)85-60(118)40(23-44(99)100)93-51(109)30(5)81-55(113)35(88-34(9)96)14-10-18-76-63(68)69;/h26-33,35-42H,10-25H2,1-9H3,(H2,67,105)(H,80,117)(H,81,113)(H,82,114)(H,83,115)(H,84,116)(H,85,118)(H,86,119)(H,87,120)(H,88,96)(H,89,107)(H,90,106)(H,91,108)(H,92,110)(H,93,109)(H,94,112)(H,95,111)(H,97,98)(H,99,100)(H,101,102)(H,103,104)(H4,68,69,76)(H4,70,71,77)(H4,72,73,78)(H4,74,75,79);1H/t26-,27-,28-,29-,30-,31-,32-,33-,35-,36-,37-,38-,39-,40-,41-,42-;/m0./s1
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| Chemical Name |
(3S)-3-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-acetamido-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-4-[[(2S)-1-amino-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-oxobutanoic acid;hydrochloride
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Products are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
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