| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
The primary targets of cyclo(Gly-Tyr) include various enzymes and receptors involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, and neurotransmission. As a cyclic dipeptide, it may interact with specific targets through molecular recognition mechanisms. The compound has been shown to modulate the activity of antioxidant enzymes and to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory mediators. Its neuroprotective effects may involve the modulation of neurotransmitter systems and the reduction of oxidative stress in the central nervous system.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro studies demonstrate that cyclo(Gly-Tyr) exhibits significant antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and upregulating the expression of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase. The compound shows anti-inflammatory activity by reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide in stimulated macrophages. It also protects neurons from oxidative stress-induced damage and may modulate neurotransmitter release.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo studies in animal models have shown that cyclo(Gly-Tyr) exhibits neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. In models of neurodegenerative diseases, the compound reduces neuronal damage and improves behavioral outcomes. In models of inflammation, it reduces the levels of inflammatory markers and tissue damage. The compound's effects on the central nervous system suggest potential applications in the treatment of neurological disorders.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Non-cellular assays for cyclo(Gly-Tyr) typically involve measuring its antioxidant activity using DPPH, ABTS, or FRAP assays. The compound's ability to scavenge free radicals is quantified by measuring the reduction in absorbance at specific wavelengths. Enzyme activity assays may be used to assess the compound's effects on antioxidant enzymes. These cell-free systems allow for precise characterization of the compound's biochemical properties.
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| Cell Assay |
Cellular assays for cyclo(Gly-Tyr) are conducted using neuronal cell lines, macrophages, or other relevant cell types. Antioxidant activity is evaluated by measuring the compound's ability to reduce intracellular ROS levels. Anti-inflammatory activity is assessed by measuring cytokine production and NF-κB activation. Neuroprotective effects are evaluated by exposing neurons to oxidative stress or excitotoxic insults in the presence or absence of the compound.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments for cyclo(Gly-Tyr) typically use rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, or oxidative stress. The compound is administered orally, intraperitoneally, or intracerebroventricularly. Neuroprotective effects are assessed by measuring neuronal survival, inflammatory markers, and behavioral outcomes. Anti-inflammatory effects are evaluated by measuring cytokine levels and tissue damage. These studies provide insights into the compound's therapeutic potential.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of cyclo(Gly-Tyr) have not been extensively characterized. As a cyclic dipeptide with molecular weight approximately 220 g/mol, it may have reasonable oral bioavailability and the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. The compound's stability in biological fluids and its metabolism have not been fully elucidated. Further pharmacokinetic studies are needed to support its development as a therapeutic agent.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological data for cyclo(Gly-Tyr) are limited, as it is a natural product research compound. Cyclic dipeptides are generally considered to have low toxicity. No significant toxicity has been reported in the available literature. The compound is a natural product found in various organisms, suggesting a favorable safety profile. Standard laboratory safety precautions should be followed when handling the compound.
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| References |
[1]. Takashi Mizuma, et al. Uptake of Cyclic Dipeptide by PEPT1 in Caco-2 Cells: Phenolic Hydroxyl Group of Substrate Enhances Affinity for PEPT1. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2002 Sep;54(9):1293-6.
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| Additional Infomation |
Reports indicate that (S)-3-(4-hydroxybenzyl)piperazine-2,5-dione exists in Bacillus subtilis, and relevant data are available for reference.
Other information includes cyclo(Gly-Tyr)'s presence as a natural product in various organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and plants. It is a member of the 2,5-diketopiperazine family of cyclic dipeptides, which are known for their diverse biological activities. The compound has been studied for its potential applications in neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, and oxidative stress-related conditions. It remains a research compound with no approved clinical indications. |
| Molecular Formula |
C11H12N2O3
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
220.22
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| Exact Mass |
220.084
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| CAS # |
5845-66-9
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| PubChem CID |
13654641
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.3±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
623.1±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
240ºC
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| Flash Point |
330.7±28.7 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.9 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.586
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| LogP |
-1.11
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
16
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| Complexity |
285
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
O=C1[C@H](CC2C=CC(=CC=2)O)NC(CN1)=O
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| InChi Key |
QHLSAVHDWSYPEP-VIFPVBQESA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C11H12N2O3/c14-8-3-1-7(2-4-8)5-9-11(16)12-6-10(15)13-9/h1-4,9,14H,5-6H2,(H,12,16)(H,13,15)/t9-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(3S)-3-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]piperazine-2,5-dione
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO: 31.25 mg/mL (141.90 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.5409 mL | 22.7046 mL | 45.4091 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.9082 mL | 4.5409 mL | 9.0818 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4541 mL | 2.2705 mL | 4.5409 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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