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| 1mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Phaseic acid has two distinct biological targets depending on the system. In plants, it is an endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) metabolite that can activate a subset of ABA receptors. It is involved in ABA homeostasis and may contribute to the regulation of stress responses, seed dormancy, and stomatal closure. In mammals, Phaseic acid acts as an antagonist of the NMDA-type glutamate receptor (NMDAR). It binds to the receptor and inhibits NMDAR-mediated currents. The compound has an IC50 of 34.37 uM for NMDAR inhibition. This activity is separate from its role in plants and suggests potential cross-kingdom signaling or pharmacological applications. The compound does not directly inhibit ABA receptors in mammals; its mammalian target is the NMDA receptor, a key player in synaptic plasticity, learning, memory, and excitotoxicity.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, Phaseic acid has been evaluated for its activity at NMDA receptors (NMDARs) using electrophysiological techniques. In whole-cell patch clamp recordings using cultured rat cortical neurons or HEK293 cells expressing recombinant NMDARs, Phaseic acid (1-100 uM) inhibits NMDA-evoked currents in a concentration-dependent manner. The IC50 for NMDAR inhibition is 34.37 uM. The compound does not significantly affect AMPA or kainate receptors at similar concentrations, suggesting selectivity for NMDARs. Phaseic acid does not block the glycine binding site; it likely acts as a non-competitive antagonist. In plant systems, in vitro assays using ABA-responsive promoter-driven reporter genes (e.g., RD29A-LUC) in Arabidopsis protoplasts show that Phaseic acid activates a subset of ABA receptors with an EC50 in the low micromolar range. However, its activity is weaker than that of free ABA, consistent with its role as a weaker ABA agonist or metabolite. Phaseic acid also exhibits weak ABA-like activity compared to free ABA in physiological assays, such as inhibition of seed germination.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo studies have focused primarily on the role of Phaseic acid in plants. In plant models, Phaseic acid accumulates in response to stress conditions such as drought, dehydration, and salt stress. It is synthesized from ABA via ABA 8‘-hydroxylase (CYP707A) and can be further metabolized to dihydrophaseic acid. In Arabidopsis, mutants deficient in ABA catabolism accumulate Phaseic acid and show altered stress responses. Exogenous application of Phaseic acid to plants (e.g., via foliar spray or root drench) can mimic some but not all of the effects of ABA, such as partial induction of stress-responsive genes and moderate inhibition of stomatal opening. The compound is less potent than ABA and may serve as a reservoir or intermediate in ABA turnover. In mammalian models, Phaseic acid has not been extensively studied in vivo, though its activity as an NMDAR antagonist (IC50 34.37 uM) suggests potential for CNS research. No published studies demonstrate significant in vivo effects of Phaseic acid in animal models. It is not a therapeutic drug and is primarily used as a plant biochemical research tool.
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| Enzyme Assay |
A non-cellular (cell-free) protocol for evaluating the activity of Phaseic acid as an NMDA receptor antagonist involves a radioligand binding assay using rat brain membranes. Rat cerebral cortices are homogenized in ice-cold 0.32 M sucrose and centrifuged at 1,000 g for 10 minutes. The supernatant is centrifuged at 20,000 g for 20 minutes, and the pellet is resuspended in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4). The membrane suspension (100-200 ug protein) is incubated with 5 nM [3H]-MK-801 (a non-competitive NMDAR antagonist) or 2 nM [3H]-CGP 39653 (a competitive NMDAR antagonist) in the presence of 10 uM glutamate and 10 uM glycine in a final volume of 0.5 mL of Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.7). Phaseic acid is added at various concentrations (1-1000 uM). Non-specific binding is determined in the presence of 100 uM MK-801 or 100 uM CGP 39653. After incubation for 60 minutes at room temperature, the reaction is terminated by rapid filtration through Whatman GF/B filters pre-soaked in 0.1% polyethyleneimine. The filters are washed three times with ice-cold buffer, and retained radioactivity is measured by liquid scintillation counting. Specific binding is calculated as total binding minus non-specific binding. The IC50 value is determined by plotting specific binding as a function of the log concentration of Phaseic acid.
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| Cell Assay |
A typical in vitro cellular protocol for evaluating the NMDA receptor antagonistic activity of Phaseic acid uses whole-cell patch clamp recording in cultured rat cortical neurons. Primary cortical neurons are isolated from embryonic day 18 (E18) rat embryos and cultured on coverslips in Neurobasal medium with B27 supplement for 10-14 days (10-14 DIV) at 37degC in 5% CO2. On the day of the experiment, a coverslip is placed in a recording chamber and continuously perfused with extracellular solution (140 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 2 mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgCl2, 10 mM HEPES, 10 mM glucose, pH 7.4, 310 mOsm). Patch pipettes (3-5 Momega) are filled with intracellular solution (140 mM CsCl, 10 mM EGTA, 10 mM HEPES, 5 mM Mg-ATP, 0.2 mM Na-GTP, pH 7.2, 290 mOsm). Neurons are voltage-clamped at -60 mV. NMDA (30 uM) and glycine (10 uM) are applied for 2-3 seconds by a fast perfusion system every 60 seconds. Phaseic acid (0.1, 1, 10, 30, 100, 300 uM) is co-applied with NMDA/glycine, and the peak inward current is recorded. A 5-10 minute washout period is allowed between applications. The percentage of inhibition is calculated relative to the control NMDA current. The IC50 is calculated by fitting the concentration-inhibition data to the Hill equation. The specific NMDAR antagonist APV (50 uM) is used as a positive control.
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| Animal Protocol |
An in vivo animal protocol for Phaseic acid is not common, as the compound is primarily used in plant research. However, a protocol for studying Phaseic acid‘s effects in a plant stress model is provided. Arabidopsis thaliana (wild-type, Col-0) seeds are sterilized and stratified at 4degC for 2-3 days in the dark. Seeds are germinated on half-strength Murashige and Skoog (1/2 MS) agar plates at 22degC under a 16-hour light/8-hour dark cycle for 7-10 days. Seedlings are then transferred to new 1/2 MS plates containing Phaseic acid at concentrations of 1, 10, 25, or 50 uM. Control plates contain an equivalent volume of the solvent (e.g., 0.1% DMSO or ethanol). After 7-14 days of growth, root length, fresh weight, and chlorophyll content are measured. For stress assays, 10-day-old seedlings grown on control plates are transferred to plates supplemented with Phaseic acid (10-50 uM) and 150 mM NaCl (salt stress) or 15% PEG (drought stress) for 5-10 days. Survival rates and stress marker gene expression (e.g., RD29A, RD22, COR15A) are quantified by qRT-PCR. Alternatively, Phaseic acid (10-100 uM) can be sprayed onto the leaves of 4-week-old Arabidopsis plants, and stomatal aperture is measured by microscopy after 2-4 hours.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic data for Phaseic acid are not available in mammals, as it is a plant hormone and not a drug candidate. In plants, Phaseic acid is a metabolite of abscisic acid (ABA). It is formed via 8'-hydroxylation of ABA by CYP707A enzymes. Phaseic acid can be further reduced to dihydrophaseic acid (DPA) by phaseic acid reductase. The compound is water-soluble and is transported in the xylem and phloem. In mammals, Phaseic acid is not an endogenous compound, and no ADME studies have been published. It is not used as a therapeutic agent. For research purposes, Phaseic acid can be dissolved in DMSO or ethanol and diluted in aqueous buffers. Stock solutions (100 mM) are stable at -20degC for several months. The compound has a predicted LogP of approximately 1-2, indicating moderate lipophilicity. Its water solubility is moderate.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Phaseic acid is a plant terpenoid and a metabolite of abscisic acid (ABA). It is generally considered to have low toxicity to mammals, although formal toxicological studies have not been conducted. In plant studies, it is not phytotoxic at concentrations up to 100 uM. Standard laboratory safety precautions should be followed when handling Phaseic acid, including the use of gloves, lab coats, and safety glasses. Avoid inhalation, ingestion, and direct skin or eye contact. The compound should be stored at -20degC, protected from light and moisture. It is for research use only and is not intended for human therapeutic, diagnostic, or agricultural applications without regulatory approval. As of 2026, Phaseic acid has not received any regulatory approval as a drug or pesticide.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Acetic acid is a carotenoid sesquiterpene compound that has undergone cofactor reduction, and is also an α,β-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid. It is a metabolite and the conjugate acid of the acetic acid anion. Acetic acid has been reported to exist in Nigrospora, Illicium dunnianum, and other organisms with relevant data.
Phaseic acid is an abscisic acid (ABA) terpenoid catabolite that can activate a subset of ABA receptors in plants. It is associated with photosynthesis arrest and abscission. In addition to its plant hormonal activity, Phaseic acid has been identified as an antagonist of the NMDA-type glutamate receptor (NMDAR) in mammals, with an IC50 of 34.37 uM for inhibiting NMDAR currents. The molecular formula is C15H20O5, and the molecular weight is 280.32. It is produced by the oxidative cleavage of ABA and can be further metabolized to dihydrophaseic acid. Phaseic acid is a research tool for studying ABA metabolism, plant stress responses, and NMDA receptor pharmacology. As of 2026, it is not an FDA-approved drug and is intended for research use only. |
| Molecular Formula |
C15H20O5
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
280.32
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| Exact Mass |
280.131
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| CAS # |
24394-14-7
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| Related CAS # |
Phaseic acid-d4;721948-57-8
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| PubChem CID |
5281527
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Vapour Pressure |
5.55E-12mmHg at 25°C
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| LogP |
1.462
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
5
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
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| Heavy Atom Count |
20
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| Complexity |
520
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
3
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| SMILES |
O1[C@@]2(C)C(/C=C/C(/C)=C\C(=O)O)(O)[C@@](C)(C1)CC(=O)C2
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| InChi Key |
IZGYIFFQBZWOLJ-UUZREKTLSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C15H20O5/c1-10(6-12(17)18)4-5-15(19)13(2)7-11(16)8-14(15,3)20-9-13/h4-6,19H,7-9H2,1-3H3,(H,17,18)/b5-4+,10-6-/t13-,14-,15+/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2Z,4E)-5-[(1R,5R,8S)-8-hydroxy-1,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-6-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl]-3-methylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.5674 mL | 17.8368 mL | 35.6735 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7135 mL | 3.5674 mL | 7.1347 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3567 mL | 1.7837 mL | 3.5674 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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