Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
In aqueous environments, such as the body the ammonium sulfate is completely dissociated into the ammonium (NH4 +) and the sulfate (SO4 2-) ions. At physiological pH in aqueous media, the ammonium ion is in equilibrium with un-ionized ammonia ... The ammonium ion serves a major role in the maintenance of the acid-base balance. In the normal pH range of blood, the NH4+/NH3 /ratio/ is about 100. An ammonium ion via the equilibrium with ammonia is readily taken up. Some evidence exists also for an active transport of the ammonium ion from the intestinal tract. It was shown that ammonia transport by the human colon still occurred when the luminal pH was reduced to 5, where nonionized ammonia would be virtually absent. Absorbed ammonium is transported to the liver and metabolized to urea and excreted via the kidneys. Minor amounts of nitrogen are incorporated in the physiological N-pool. Absorption of sulfate depends on the amount ingested. 30 - 44 % of sulfate was excreted in the 24 hr urine after oral administration of magnesium or sodium sulfate (5.4 g sulfate) in volunteers. At high sulfate doses that exceed intestinal absorption, sulfate is excreted in feces. Intestinal sulfate may bind water into the lumen and cause diarrhea in high doses. Sulfate is a normal constituent of human blood and does not accumulate in tissues. Sulfate levels are regulated by the kidney through a reabsorption mechanism. Sulfate is usually eliminated by renal excretion. It has also an important role in the detoxification of various endogenous and exogenous compounds, as it may combine with these to form soluble sulfate esters that are excreted in the urine.
In rabbit, hamster and guinea pig studies it was demonstrated that (35)S-labeled ammonium sulfate aerosols with a size of 0.3 and 0.6 um (MMAD) reached the lung. However a substantial proportion of the compound was found in the nose. The clearance from the lung (via the blood and urinary tract) was determined to be 18 to 20 min. From the collectable sulfate in the urinary tract 95 % was excreted within 6 hr. The results of clearance studies suggested that there was no species difference. The induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (an enzyme that acts in the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene and other carcinogens) in the lung is not inhibited by ammonium sulfate (there are reports of other air pollutants that cause this effect).

Toxicity Summary
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Ammonium sulfate is a white solid. Ammonium sulfate is used primarily as a nitrogen source in commercial fertilizer mixtures or as a direct application fertilizer, which accounts for > 90 % of the total amount. It is further used in a variety of industrial applications and is also approved as a direct food additive in the EU. It is registered for use in the USA but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses. Non-agricultural products containing ammonium sulfate which are intended for use by the general public (e.g. cleaning products, paints); contain ammonium sulfate levels up to 50%. Ammonium sulfate has been identified as being used in hydraulic fracturing as a breaker. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: In humans, inhalation exposure to 0.1 to 0.5 mg ammonium sulfate/cu m aerosol for two to four hours produced no pulmonary effects. At 1 mg ammonium sulfate/cu m very slight pulmonary effects in the form of a decrease in expiratory flow, in pulmonary flow resistance and dynamic lung compliance were found in healthy volunteers after acute exposure. 18 people who drank water polluted with ammonium sulfate fertilizer (1500 - 2000 mg/L) suffered gastrointestinal pain similar to acute enteritis. All symptoms passed after 24 hr. It did not induce chromosomal aberrations in mammalian or human cell cultures. Ammonium is also an endogenous substance that serves a major role in the maintenance of the acid-base balance. Minor amounts of ammonium nitrogen are incorporated in the physiological N-pool. Sulfate is a normal intermediate in the metabolism of endogenous sulfur compounds, and is excreted unchanged or in conjugated form in urine. ANIMAL STUDIES: Ammonium sulfate is of relatively low acute toxicity (LD50, oral, rat: 2000 - 4250 mg/kg bw; LD50 dermal, rat/mouse > 2000 mg/kg bw; 8-hr LC50, inhalation, rat > 1000 mg/cu m). Clinical signs after oral exposure included staggering, prostration, apathy, and labored and irregular breathing immediately after dosing at doses near to or exceeding the LD50 value. Neat ammonium sulfate was not irritating to the skin and eyes of rabbits. A 14-day inhalation study on rats exposed to 300 mg/cu m, the only tested dose, did not report histopathological changes in the lower respiratory tract. After feeding diets containing ammonium sulfate for 13 weeks to rats the only toxicity sign found was diarrhea in male animals of the high-dose group. The total dose of 1500 mg/kg of ammonium sulfate was administered to three rabbits, all of which showed similar symptoms such as mydriasis, irregular respiratory rhythms, local and general convulsions, until they fell into respiratory failure with cardiac arrest. EEG showed slow, suppressive waves and high-amplitude slowing wave pattern, which is generally observed clinically in hyperammonemia in man and animal. There was a remarkable increase in the concentration of ammonium ion and inorganic sulfate ion in serum, and blood gas analysis showed severe metabolic acidosis. These results, mainly findings by EEG, have shown that a rapid increase in ammonium ions in blood can cause damaging the central nervous system without microscopic change. Ammonium sulfate was not mutagenic in bacteria (Ames test) and yeasts with and without metabolic activation systems. It did not induce chromosomal aberrations in mammalian or human cell cultures. Similarly to other salts, high doses of ammonium sulfate may have the capability of tumor promotion in the rat stomach; it is, however, much less potent than sodium chloride when tested under identical conditions. In the 13-week feeding study of ammonium sulfate with rats, no histological changes of testes were observed up to 1792 mg/kg bw. The ovaries were not examined. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: The most sensitive amphibians were 6 week-old Pseudacris regilla tadpoles. Marine acute data are available for fish, invertebrates and for phytoplankton, the latter being most sensitive. For Gymnodinium splendens and Gonyaulax polyedra, growth reduction was found at concentrations of 0.7 mg/L and above. For seawater invertebrates the lowest effect value was obtained for green mussel Perna viridis (96h-LC50 = 47.7 mg/L). For marine fish the lowest effect value was found for larvae of Sciaenops ocellatus with a LC50 (10 d) of 27 mg/L.

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Interactions
Several inhaled atmospheres were tested for effects on the rat respiratory defense system. Materials studied included ozone and aerosols of ammonium sulfate, ferric sulfate, and sulfuric acid; relative humidity was also a controlled experimental variable. Each sulfate was studied alone as a submicrometer aerosol at a concentration of 3.5 mg/cu m in air and combined with ozone at 0.8 ppm. Results were compared with those for sham-exposed animals and for rats exposed to ozone alone. Air pollutant exposures, inside stainless steel chambers, were one time only for 4 hr. The end points for evaluation of effects were measurements of early and late rates of clearance of radiolabeled insoluble tracer particles. Tracer particles were inhaled before air pollutant exposures and particle clearance was followed for about 2 wk. Ozone alone slowed the early (0-50 hr after exposure) particle clearance and stimulated clearance during the later phase (2-17 d). High humidity usually amplified these effects of ozone as well as many of the other atmospheres studied. Sulfate aerosols alone tended to produce relatively small effects on early or late clearance. Combinations of ozone and aerosols resulted in effects that were similar to those of ozone alone. The data do not support the hypotheses that sulfate aerosols synergize with ozone in altering respiratory tract clearance, sulfuric acid being a probable exception. These data alone cannot be used to predict the overall health effects of the materials studied.
The effect of inhaled ammonium sulfate on benzo[a]pyrene carcinogenesis in the lungs of Syrian golden hamsters was studied. Exposure to ammonium sulfate at an airborne concentration 20 times average United States ambient levels resulted in a significant depression (p less than 0.05) of benzo[a]pyrene carcinogenesis in the first 6 mo of the study. However, at 2 yr, the termination of the study, there were no differences in cancer incidence between groups receiving benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene plus ammonium sulfate. In addition, at the concentration studied, inhaled ammonium sulfate did not significantly increase the incidence or severity of pneumonitis or pulmonary fibrosis in the hamster. However, this inhalation did increase the incidence of emphysema but not the severity. The decreased incidence of cancer during the first 6 mo of this study in animals receiving both benzo[a]pyrene and ammonium sulfate suggests that interaction between sulfate and benzo[a]pyrene does occur, but is insufficient to afford long-term protection against the development of cancer. No enhancement of carcinogenesis by benzo[a]pyrene occurs in the presence of inhaled sulfate.
A hitherto unexpected synergism between the oxidant air pollutants ozone or nitrogen dioxide and a respirable-sized aerosol of ammonium sulfate was observed during controlled exposures of rats to these substances. Response of rat lungs to these pollutants was quantitated by measurement of apparent collagen synthesis rates in vitro by lung minces from exposed animals. Dose-response curves to either O3 or NO2 were altered in the presence of 5 mg/cu m of (NH4)2SO4 aerosol. Morphometric and histologic observations of lungs from rats exposed to high levels of ozone, with and without concurrent exposure to the (NH4)2SO4 particles, confirmed such synergistic effects. In a separate set of experiments, rats were exposed at near ambient levels to mixtures of ozone and sulfuric acid aerosol (submicron-sized aerosol). Potentiation of ozone effects on lung collagen synthesis rates was also observed in these experiments. These observations may have broad implications for the appropriate evaluation of laboratory data in the setting of ambient air quality standards and/or threshold limit values for occupational safety.
A synergistic effect of ammonium sulfate (5 mg/cu m) and ozone (0.2 ppm) has been reported for rat lung when the animals were exposed continuously for 7 days.
For more Interactions (Complete) data for Ammonium sulfate (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Non-Human Toxicity Values
LD50 Rat oral 3000 mg/kg
LD50 Rat oral 4250 mg/kg bw (95% confidence limits: 3788 - 4769 mg/kg bw)
LD50 Rat dermal > 2000 mg/kg bw
LD50 Mouse oral 3040 mg/kg bw
For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for Ammonium sulfate (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

[1]. DIXON M. A nomogram for ammonium sulphate solutions. Biochem J. 1953 Jun;54(3):457-8.

Ammonium sulfate is a white odorless solid. Sinks and dissolves in water. (USCG, 1999)
Ammonium sulfate is an inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280℃) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0℃; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100℃), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils. It has a role as a fertilizer. It is an ammonium salt and an inorganic sulfate salt.
Mascagnite is a mineral with formula of (N3-H4)2S6+O4 or (NH4)2(SO4). The IMA symbol is Msc.
Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.
See also: ... View More ...

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Therapeutic Uses
Ammonium sulfate is a non-CNS depressant anesthetic agent, which has been reported to provide pain relief lasting days to weeks, with few reported side effects in adult studies.

H8N2O4S

132.14

132.02

7783-20-2

Ammonium sulphate,≥99.0%,AR-15N2;43086-58-4;Ammonium sulphate-d8;13814-01-2

6097028

White or brown orthorhombic crystals
Orthorhombic crystals or white granules
Brownish gray to white crystals according to degree of purity

1.76

330ºC at 760 mmHg

280ºC

26 °C

n20/D 1.396

0.751

2

4

0

7

62.2

0

S(=O)(=O)([O-])[O-].[N+]([H])([H])([H])[H].[N+]([H])([H])([H])[H]

BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/2H3N.H2O4S/c;;1-5(2,3)4/h2*1H3;(H2,1,2,3,4)

diazanium;sulfate

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture.

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

H2O: 100 mg/mL (756.77 mM)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)