| Size | Price | |
|---|---|---|
| Other Sizes |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Metabolism / Metabolites
Copper is primarily absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, but can also be absorbed through inhalation and skin. It crosses the basolateral membrane and is transported to the liver and kidneys, possibly via regulatory copper transporters and by binding to serum albumin. The liver is a key organ for maintaining copper homeostasis. In the liver and other tissues, copper is stored in the form of metallothioneins, amino acids, and copper-dependent enzymes, and is then excreted via bile or integrated into intracellular and extracellular proteins. Copper is transported to peripheral tissues via plasma binding to serum albumin, ceruloplasmin, or low-molecular-weight complexes. Copper may induce the production of metallothioneins and ceruloplasmin. Membrane-bound copper transporter adenosine triphosphatase (Cu-ATPase) transports copper ions in and out of cells. Normal physiological levels of copper in the human body are maintained by regulating the rate and amount of copper absorption, its distribution throughout the body, and its excretion. (L277, L279) |
|---|---|
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicity Summary
Excess copper is isolated in hepatocyte lysosomes and forms complexes with metallothionein. When lysosomes become saturated, copper accumulates in the cell nucleus, leading to nuclear damage, resulting in copper hepatotoxicity. This damage may be a consequence of oxidative damage, including lipid peroxidation. Copper inhibits sulfhydryl enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, and paraoxonase, which protect cells from free radical damage. Copper also affects gene expression and is a cofactor for oxidases such as cytochrome C oxidase and lysyl oxidase. Furthermore, copper-induced oxidative stress is thought to activate acid sphingomyelinase, leading to the production of ceramide (a signaling pathway for apoptosis) and causing hemolytic anemia. Copper-induced vomiting is due to vagal nerve stimulation. (L277, T49, A174, L280) Toxicity Data LD50: 1710 mg/kg (oral, rat) (L332) |
| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Copper gluconate is an organic molecular entity. It is the copper salt of D-gluconic acid, ranging in color from pale blue to blue-green. It is prepared by reacting gluconic acid solution with copper oxide or basic copper carbonate. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Good Manufacturing Practices or Feed Standards, copper gluconate can be used as a nutrient or dietary supplement, and its use at concentrations not exceeding 0.005% is generally considered safe. Copper gluconate is a copper salt of D-gluconic acid with high oral bioavailability. Besides acting as a cofactor for cytochrome C oxidase and superoxide dismutase, copper can also form a complex with dithilamthroline thiocarbamate (DSF), namely the DSF-copper complex, thereby enhancing DSF-mediated inhibition of the 26S proteasome. Proteasome inhibition may lead to impaired cellular protein degradation, cell cycle arrest, cell proliferation inhibition, and the induction of apoptosis in susceptible tumor cell populations. Copper gluconate is the copper salt of D-gluconic acid. It is used in dietary supplements and to treat conditions such as acne vulgaris, the common cold, high blood pressure, premature birth, leishmaniasis, and postoperative complications of internal organs. Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and atomic number 29. Copper is an essential element for plants and animals because it is necessary for the proper functioning of more than 30 enzymes. It is naturally found in rocks, soil, water, and air. (L277, L278, L286)
Derivatives of gluconic acid (structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters. See also: Copper (with active moiety); Copper ion (with active moiety)...See more... |
| Molecular Formula |
C12H22CUO14
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
453.84
|
| Exact Mass |
453.03
|
| CAS # |
527-09-3
|
| PubChem CID |
10692
|
| Appearance |
Light blue to blue solid powder
|
| Boiling Point |
673.6ºC at 760 mmHg
|
| Melting Point |
155-157ºC
|
| Flash Point |
375.2ºC
|
| Index of Refraction |
16.5 ° (C=1, H2O)
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
10
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
14
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
8
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
27
|
| Complexity |
165
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
8
|
| SMILES |
C([C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](C(=O)[O-])O)O)O)O)O.C([C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](C(=O)[O-])O)O)O)O)O.[Cu+2]
|
| InChi Key |
OCUCCJIRFHNWBP-IYEMJOQQSA-L
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/2C6H12O7.Cu/c2*7-1-2(8)3(9)4(10)5(11)6(12)13;/h2*2-5,7-11H,1H2,(H,12,13);/q;;+2/p-2/t2*2-,3-,4+,5-;/m11./s1
|
| Chemical Name |
copper;(2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: (1). This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. (2). Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO: 25 mg/mL (55.09 mM)
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.2034 mL | 11.0171 mL | 22.0342 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4407 mL | 2.2034 mL | 4.4068 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2203 mL | 1.1017 mL | 2.2034 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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