| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
D-Isoleucine targets the Asc-1 antiporter, a transporter that mediates the exchange of small neutral amino acids. As a selective activator of Asc-1, it enhances the antiporter's activity. The compound may also interact with D-amino acid oxidases, enzymes that catalyze the oxidative deamination of D-amino acids. Its targets include transporters and enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism. No specific pharmacological receptors have been identified for this compound.
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
In vitro, D-isoleucine acts as a selective activator of the Asc-1 antiporter. It may be used to help characterize and differentiate various D-amino acid oxidases. The compound can be used to differentiate the activities of D- and L-isoleucine in processes such as the induction of pigmentation in B16F0 melanoma cells. No specific pharmacological activities, such as receptor binding or enzyme inhibition, have been reported beyond its role in amino acid metabolism and transporter studies.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, D-isoleucine is a non-essential branched-chain amino acid that plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and metabolism. It is commonly found in dietary sources such as meat, eggs, and dairy products. As an amino acid, it is involved in various metabolic processes and protein synthesis. No specific pharmacological activities have been reported for D-isoleucine beyond its nutritional role.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Non-cellular assays for D-isoleucine would involve enzyme activity measurements. D-amino acid oxidase activity can be assessed using spectrophotometric assays measuring the production of hydrogen peroxide or the consumption of oxygen. The compound's ability to activate Asc-1 can be studied using transport assays with membrane preparations or reconstituted systems. Binding affinity for transporters or enzymes could be assessed using radioligand binding or surface plasmon resonance.
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| Cell Assay |
Cell-based assays for D-isoleucine would involve studying its effects on amino acid transport and metabolism. Asc-1 activation can be assessed in cells expressing the transporter by measuring the uptake of labeled substrates. Its effects on pigmentation can be studied in B16F0 melanoma cells. Cell viability and proliferation assays may be performed to evaluate its effects on cell function. Specific protocols for these assays are not extensively documented in the available literature.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for D-isoleucine would typically involve nutritional studies to evaluate its role in protein synthesis and metabolism. The compound's effects on pigmentation could be studied in animal models. As an amino acid, it is not typically administered as a test article for pharmacological evaluation. Its role in research is primarily as a biochemical tool and nutritional supplement.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic data for D-isoleucine are limited. As an amino acid, it would be expected to be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed to tissues via amino acid transporters. It is metabolized through normal amino acid metabolic pathways. No specific pharmacokinetic parameters have been reported for D-isoleucine in the available literature.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
No toxicity data have been reported for D-isoleucine in the available literature. As a naturally occurring amino acid, it is generally considered to have a favorable safety profile. The compound is for research use only and is not for human therapeutic use. Standard laboratory safety precautions should be followed when handling this compound.
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| References |
[1]. Rosenberg D, et, al. Neuronal D-serine and glycine release via the Asc-1 transporter regulates NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic activity. J Neurosci. 2013 Feb 20;33(8):3533-44.
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| Additional Infomation |
D-Isoleucine is the D-enantiomer of isoleucine. It is a bacterial metabolite and a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite. It is an isoleucine and also a D-α-amino acid. It is the conjugate base of D-isoleucine ononium. It is the conjugate acid of D-isoleucine. It is the enantiomer of L-isoleucine. It is the zwitterion tautomer of D-isoleucine.
D-Isoleucine is a research compound and biochemical tool, not an approved pharmaceutical drug. It is a non-essential branched-chain amino acid that plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and metabolism. D-Isoleucine is a selective activator of the Asc-1 antiporter and may be used to help characterize and differentiate various D-amino acid oxidases. It can be used to differentiate the activities of D- and L-isoleucine in cellular processes such as pigmentation induction. D-Isoleucine is for research use only. |
| Molecular Formula |
C6H13NO2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
131.17
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| Exact Mass |
131.094
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| CAS # |
319-78-8
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| PubChem CID |
76551
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.0±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
225.8±23.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
272-274ºC
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| Flash Point |
90.3±22.6 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±0.9 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.463
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| LogP |
0.73
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
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| Heavy Atom Count |
9
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| Complexity |
103
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
2
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| SMILES |
CC[C@@H](C)[C@H](C(=O)O)N
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| InChi Key |
AGPKZVBTJJNPAG-RFZPGFLSSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C6H13NO2/c1-3-4(2)5(7)6(8)9/h4-5H,3,7H2,1-2H3,(H,8,9)/t4-,5-/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2R,3R)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O: 6.25 mg/mL (47.65 mM)
DMSO: < 1 mg/mL |
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 7.6237 mL | 38.1185 mL | 76.2369 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.5247 mL | 7.6237 mL | 15.2474 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.7624 mL | 3.8118 mL | 7.6237 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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