| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Histone lysine residues (epigenetic reader/writer enzymes). Lactyl-CoA acts as an acyl donor in the enzymatic lactoylation of lysine residues on proteins, a reaction catalyzed by the histone acetyltransferase p300. The primary targets are histones (e.g., H3K18la, H4K12la), where the modification is associated with an open chromatin state and gene activation. It also lactoylates other proteins to regulate their function.
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| ln Vitro |
In cell-free assays, lactyl-CoA has been shown to be the preferred substrate for the enzyme p300 to catalyze histone lactoylation in vitro. Using purified histones, p300, and lactyl-CoA, the addition of the lactyl group to lysine residues can be detected by mass spectrometry or with specific antibodies. In cellular models, it has been detected as a metabolite in mammalian cells and its levels increase under hypoxic conditions or high lactate.
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| ln Vivo |
Lactyl-CoA is an endogenous metabolite, not a drug. In vivo, its levels are dynamic and respond to metabolic conditions. In cancer cells, which are highly glycolytic (Warburg effect), lactate production is high, leading to increased lactyl-CoA levels and correspondingly high levels of histone lactoylation. This modification plays a role in promoting tumorigenesis and immune evasion by activating gene expression programs that support cell proliferation and survival.
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| Enzyme Assay |
A standard biochemical assay to demonstrate lactyl-CoA formation is an in vitro enzymatic assay using a lactyl-CoA synthetase (e.g., from E. coli). The assay components include lactate, CoA, ATP, MgCl2, and a suitable buffer. The reaction is initiated by adding the enzyme. After an incubation period, the product, lactyl-CoA, can be separated and quantified by HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) or directly detected by LC-MS/MS.
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| Cell Assay |
To measure lactyl-CoA levels in cells (e.g., mammalian cancer cell lines), a targeted metabolomics assay using LC-MS/MS (Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry) is performed. Cells are cultured in standard media, then treated with metabolic modulators (e.g., hypoxia, high glucose). Cells are lysed in cold extraction buffer, and the resulting solution is analyzed via LC-MS/MS. The peak area corresponding to lactyl-CoA is compared to standards to quantify its concentration. This method is also used to measure other CoA esters.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo studies for lactyl-CoA involve using animal models of disease. For example, a mouse xenograft model of cancer is used to study tumor metabolism. After establishing tumors, animals are treated with vehicle or anti-cancer agents. Tumor tissues are excised, snap-frozen, and then extracted for LC-MS/MS analysis to quantify lactyl-CoA levels. The levels are correlated with tumor size, grade, or other metabolic markers to draw biological conclusions.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Lactyl-CoA is a highly polar, water-soluble, and negatively charged molecule at physiological pH. It is not cell-permeable and must be produced endogenously. As a CoA thioester, it is relatively unstable and is prone to hydrolysis, especially in acidic conditions. Therefore, biological samples are typically prepared under carefully controlled conditions (e.g., cold, neutral pH, with enzyme inhibitors) to preserve it for accurate detection and quantification by mass spectrometry.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
As an endogenous metabolite, lactyl-CoA is present in cells at relatively low concentrations and is not inherently toxic. However, its role as a signaling molecule means that dysregulation of its production or removal can have pathological consequences. In the context of lactoylation, high levels are associated with cancer progression, immune suppression, and inflammation. For laboratory use, it is treated as a standard biochemical reagent with appropriate handling precautions to avoid degradation. Inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact should be avoided, as its effects are unknown.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Lactoyl-CoA is an acyl-CoA enzyme formed by the condensation of the sulfhydryl group of CoA and the carboxyl group of lactate. Functionally, it is related to racemic lactate. It is the conjugate acid of lactoyl-CoA(4-). There are reports and relevant data regarding lactoyl-CoA in bovine (Bos taurus).
The discovery of lactyl-CoA and its role in histone lactoylation (a post-translational modification) has been a major breakthrough in the last decade. It directly links cellular metabolism (glycolysis and lactate production) to gene expression. The p300 enzyme acts as the 'writer' for this mark, and specific 'erasers' are being identified. This has significant implications for understanding the Warburg effect in cancer, where cells produce large amounts of lactate, and for other metabolic diseases. Lactyl-CoA is a research-grade biochemical used for in vitro enzymatic assays and as an analytical standard for mass spectrometry. |
| Molecular Formula |
C24H40N7O18P3S
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
839.60
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| Exact Mass |
839.136
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| CAS # |
1926-57-4
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| PubChem CID |
3081970
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.91g/cm3
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| Index of Refraction |
1.719
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| LogP |
0.307
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
10
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
23
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
21
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| Heavy Atom Count |
53
|
| Complexity |
1430
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
5
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| SMILES |
CC(C(=O)SCCNC(=O)CCNC(=O)[C@@H](C(C)(C)COP(=O)(O)OP(=O)(O)OC[C@@H]1[C@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O1)N2C=NC3=C(N=CN=C32)N)O)OP(=O)(O)O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
VIWKEBOLLIEAIL-FBMOWMAESA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C24H40N7O18P3S/c1-12(32)23(37)53-7-6-26-14(33)4-5-27-21(36)18(35)24(2,3)9-46-52(43,44)49-51(41,42)45-8-13-17(48-50(38,39)40)16(34)22(47-13)31-11-30-15-19(25)28-10-29-20(15)31/h10-13,16-18,22,32,34-35H,4-9H2,1-3H3,(H,26,33)(H,27,36)(H,41,42)(H,43,44)(H2,25,28,29)(H2,38,39,40)/t12?,13-,16-,17-,18+,22-/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
S-[2-[3-[[(2R)-4-[[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]ethyl] 2-hydroxypropanethioate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: (1). This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. (2). Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO: 100 mg/mL (119.10 mM)
H2O: ≥ 50 mg/mL (59.55 mM) |
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.1910 mL | 5.9552 mL | 11.9104 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.2382 mL | 1.1910 mL | 2.3821 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1191 mL | 0.5955 mL | 1.1910 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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