| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 250mg |
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| 500mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
The enzyme's target is the glutamine and lysine residues in proteins and peptides. It catalyzes acyl transfer reactions, leading to the formation of covalent cross-links between proteins or the incorporation of polyamines.
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| ln Vitro |
Inhibitors of transglutaminase activity include Co2+, Ba2+, and K+ [1]. Zn2+, Cu2+, Hg2+, and Pb2+ ions bind to the thiol group of cysteine in the active core of microorganisms and block their transglutaminases[1].
Transglutaminase from guinea pig liver has been used to demonstrate that tissue transglutaminase (tTG) selectively deamidates gluten peptides, which results in strongly enhanced T cell-stimulatory activity. Its activity is measured by the formation of hydroxamate from a substrate like Z-Gln-Gly-OH. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, Transglutaminase plays a critical role in various physiological and pathological processes, including blood clotting, wound healing, and tissue remodeling. It has been implicated in diseases such as Huntington's and Alzheimer's disease, where its aberrant activity may contribute to pathology.
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| Enzyme Assay |
The activity of Transglutaminase is determined using a colorimetric assay. One unit is defined as the formation of 1 μmol of hydroxamate per minute from the substrate Z-Gln-Gly-OH and hydroxylamine at pH 6.0 and 37°C in the presence of 10 mM CaCl2. The amount of hydroxamate produced is quantified by its absorbance.
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| Cell Assay |
To study its effect on cells, Transglutaminase can be added to cell culture media, or its activity can be modulated using inhibitors or activators. For example, its ability to cross-link proteins in the extracellular matrix or on the cell surface can be assessed by analyzing the formation of high-molecular-weight protein aggregates via Western blot.
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| Animal Protocol |
In animal models, the role of Transglutaminase is often studied using knockout mice or by administering inhibitors. For example, its role in deamidating gluten peptides and triggering an immune response in celiac disease has been investigated in mouse models. The effects on T cell stimulation and other immune parameters are then measured.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties are not typically considered for Transglutaminase as it is an enzyme used in vitro or studied endogenously. When used as a research reagent, its stability is characterized by parameters like activity (U/mg), molecular weight (~77-90 kDa), and purity (>95%).
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Transglutaminase is generally considered a safe enzyme for research use. Its toxicity is not a primary concern in standard laboratory applications. However, its role in pathological protein cross-linking makes it a target for drug development, and inhibiting its activity is a strategy being explored for treating certain diseases.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Transglutaminase is a multifunctional enzyme with important roles in biology and biotechnology. It is used in the food industry to improve the texture of meat, dairy, and baked goods. In biomedical research, it is a key tool for studying protein-protein interactions, cell adhesion, and extracellular matrix remodeling. It is also a target for therapeutic intervention in diseases like celiac disease and cancer.
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| Molecular Formula |
C8H7BRN2O2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
243.057380914688
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| CAS # |
80146-85-6
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| Appearance |
White to yellow solid powder
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| SMILES |
BrC1C=C(C2=C(C=1)CCN2)[N+](=O)[O-]
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.1142 mL | 20.5711 mL | 41.1421 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.8228 mL | 4.1142 mL | 8.2284 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4114 mL | 2.0571 mL | 4.1142 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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