| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 50mg |
|
||
| 100mg |
|
||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
In plants, the primary target of diquat is photosystem I (PSI) in the chloroplast. It accepts electrons from the photosynthetic electron transport chain and is rapidly reduced. The reduced diquat then reacts with molecular oxygen to produce superoxide radicals and other reactive oxygen species (ROS). This burst of ROS causes rapid peroxidation of membrane lipids, leading to cell membrane disruption and tissue desiccation. In mammalian systems, diquat is used to study oxidative stress mechanisms, as it can generate ROS through redox cycling.
|
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
In vitro, diquat is used as a tool to induce oxidative stress in cell culture. It is not evaluated for a pharmacological activity but for its ability to generate ROS and cause cellular damage. Its effects are measured by assessing markers of oxidative stress, such as lipid peroxidation (MDA), protein carbonylation, and the depletion of glutathione (GSH). It is also used to study the cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms.
|
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, diquat is used as an herbicide. In research, it is used as a model compound to study oxidative stress-induced toxicity in animal models, particularly testicular damage. Diquat has been shown to cause testicular damage in mice by inducing heme oxygenase-1-mediated ferroptosis in spermatogonial cells.
|
| Enzyme Assay |
The activity of diquat in vitro can be assessed by measuring its ability to generate ROS. Cell-free assays, such as the measurement of superoxide production using cytochrome c reduction or the detection of hydrogen peroxide using Amplex Red, can be used.
|
| Cell Assay |
To study its cellular effects, cells are treated with diquat, and markers of oxidative stress and cell death are measured. Cell viability is assessed using assays like MTT, and ROS production is measured using fluorescent probes like DCFH-DA. The expression of antioxidant enzymes and markers of ferroptosis, such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), can be analyzed by Western blot or qPCR.
|
| Animal Protocol |
In animal studies, diquat is typically administered via intraperitoneal injection to induce oxidative stress. The effects on various organs, particularly the testes, are assessed by histology, biochemical analysis of oxidative stress markers, and measurement of sperm parameters.
|
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Diquat dibromide hydrate has a molecular weight of 362.06 g/mol and a molecular formula of C12H14Br2N2O. It is a hygroscopic crystalline solid. It is highly soluble in water. It is stable under normal storage conditions but should be protected from light and moisture.
|
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Diquat is a moderately toxic compound. It is an irritant to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Ingestion can cause severe gastrointestinal irritation and, in high doses, systemic toxicity affecting the kidneys and liver. It is also known to be androgenic and cause testicular damage in animal models.
|
| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Diquat dibromide hydrate is a widely used herbicide and a valuable research tool for studying oxidative stress. Its ability to generate ROS has made it a model compound for investigating the mechanisms of oxidative damage and the cellular defense systems against it. It is also used to study the role of ferroptosis in tissue injury. It is not a therapeutic agent.
|
| Molecular Formula |
C12H14BR2N2O
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
362.06
|
| Exact Mass |
359.947
|
| CAS # |
6385-62-2
|
| PubChem CID |
115268
|
| Appearance |
Light yellow to yellow solid powder
|
| Melting Point |
<3200(dec)
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
0
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
17
|
| Complexity |
183
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
| SMILES |
C1C[N+]2=CC=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=[N+]31.O.[Br-].[Br-]
|
| InChi Key |
KLJOSQAQZMLLMB-UHFFFAOYSA-L
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C12H12N2.2BrH.H2O/c1-3-7-13-9-10-14-8-4-2-6-12(14)11(13)5-1;;;/h1-8H,9-10H2;2*1H;1H2/q+2;;;/p-2
|
| Chemical Name |
7,10-diazoniatricyclo[8.4.0.02,7]tetradeca-1(14),2,4,6,10,12-hexaene;dibromide;hydrate
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O: 125 mg/mL (345.25 mM)
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.7620 mL | 13.8099 mL | 27.6197 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.5524 mL | 2.7620 mL | 5.5239 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2762 mL | 1.3810 mL | 2.7620 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Products are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
Copyright 2020 InvivoChem LLC | All Rights Reserved
