| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| Targets |
- Biotin: Streptavidin binds biotin with extremely high affinity. The dissociation constant (K_D) is ~1.00E-09 M at 2-20°C, decreasing to 2.88E-04 M at 40°C. The stoichiometry (n) of binding is 0.94-0.98 at 15-25°C. The heat capacity change (ΔC_p) is -459.9 cal/mol·K (2-30°C). [1]
- T-cells (for immunomodulation): Streptavidin suppresses the proliferative response of host T-cells to alloantigens. In mixed lymphocyte culture, 2-200 μg/mL streptavidin inhibits Lewis T-cell proliferation against WF stimulators by 76-83% (P < 0.001). [2] |
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| ln Vitro |
- Streptavidin-Biotin Binding Thermodynamics (ITC): Using Affinity Isothermal Titration Calorimetry, streptavidin (40 μM) was titrated with biotin (750 μM) at temperatures from 2°C to 40°C. The binding was spontaneous (negative ΔG at all temperatures). At lower temperatures (2-20°C), K_D was 1.00E-09 M; at higher temperatures (25-40°C), K_D decreased to 1.79E-05 to 2.88E-04 M, indicating reduced affinity. The stoichiometry (n) was ~1 at 15-25°C, but increased to 1.59-5.76 at extreme temperatures. The reaction was entropy-driven at 15-25°C but enthalpically-driven at 30-40°C. The heat capacity change (ΔC_p) was -459.9 cal/mol·K (2-30°C), indicating polar solvation. [1]
- T-cell Proliferation Suppression (MLR): In a mixed lymphocyte reaction using Lewis responder T-cells and γ-irradiated WF stimulator splenocytes, streptavidin at concentrations of 2-200 μg/mL significantly suppressed T-cell proliferation by 76-83% compared to untreated responders (P < 0.001). Lower concentrations (0.1-0.2 μg/mL) had no significant effect. [2] When compared to responders who are not treated, streptavidin (2-200 μg/mL) greatly inhibits the proliferation of Lewis T cells to WF by 76%–83%[1]. |
| ln Vivo |
- Cardiac Allograft Survival (Rat Model): In a high-responder WF-to-Lewis rat cardiac transplant model, peritransplantation recipient treatment with streptavidin (8-60 mg/kg, IP, for 5 consecutive days) combined with a single dose of antilymphocyte serum (0.5 mL, day 0) significantly prolonged allograft survival. Mean survival time (MST) increased from 7.3 ± 0.5 days (naive) and 8.4 ± 0.5 days (ALS-only) to 15-24 days depending on dose (e.g., 60 mg/kg: MST 24 ± 1 days). A 10-day course of 10 or 20 mg/kg streptavidin with ALS yielded MST of 18 ± 1 and 21 ± 1 days, respectively (P < 0.001). However, permanent graft survival was not achieved in this high-responder combination, unlike in the low-responder Lewis-to-ACI combination. [2]
In the high-responder WF-to-Lewis combination, streptavidin (8-80 mg/kg) therapy is beneficial in extending rat cardiac allografts[2]. |
| Enzyme Assay |
- Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) for Binding Thermodynamics: Streptavidin (40 μM in PBS, pH 7.8, 350 μL) was loaded into the sample cell, and biotin (750 μM in PBS, pH 7.8, 250 μL) into the titration syringe of an Affinity ITC instrument. Titrations were performed with 30 injections of 5 μL each at 200-second intervals while stirring at 75 rpm. The assay was conducted at nine different temperatures (2°C to 40°C). Raw data were integrated using NanoAnalyze software, and an independent binding model was used to fit the isotherms, yielding K_D, n, ΔH, and ΔS. ΔG was calculated, and ΔC_p was derived from the slope of ΔH vs temperature. [1]
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| Cell Assay |
- Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction (MLR) for T-cell Proliferation: Lewis rat splenocytes (responders) were cocultured with γ-irradiated WF rat splenocytes (stimulators) in the presence of various concentrations of streptavidin (0.1-200 μg/mL). Proliferation was measured, and inhibition was calculated relative to untreated responders (no streptavidin). [2]
Cell Viability Assay[1] Cell Types: Lewis T cells Tested Concentrations: 2-200 μg/mL Incubation Duration: Experimental Results: Inhibited the proliferation of Lewis T cells to WF stimulators by 76%-83% compared with untreated responders, lower concentrations of 0.1 and 0.2 μg/mL did not Dramatically inhibit T-cell proliferation. |
| Animal Protocol |
- Rat Cardiac Allograft Model: WF (RT1) rat hearts were transplanted heterotopically into Lewis (RT1) rat recipients using the modified technique of Ono and Lindsey. Recipients were treated with streptavidin (8-80 mg/kg) administered intraperitoneally (IP) for 5 or 10 consecutive days after transplantation. A single dose of antilymphocyte serum (0.5 mL) was given on day 0. Graft survival was assessed by daily palpation, with rejection defined as cessation of a palpable heartbeat, confirmed by histology. [2]
Animal/Disease Models: Lewis rats[2] Doses: 8, 12, 20, 40, 60, or 80 mg/kg Route of Administration: Administered IP for 5 days after transplantation was combined with a single dose of 0.5 mL antilymphocyte serum (ALS) on day 0 Experimental Results: Prolonged cardiac allograft survival from MST of 7.3±0.5 and 8.4±0.5 days in naive and ALS-treated controls, respectively, to 15±1, 20±3, 16±3, 17±3, and 23±2 days, respectively. |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
- In Vitro Cytotoxicity: Not directly assessed; however, at concentrations up to 200 μg/mL, streptavidin did not cause non-specific cell death in MLR cultures, as suppression was specific to alloantigen-driven proliferation. [2]
- In Vivo Toxicity (Weight Loss): Administration of streptavidin at 8-60 mg/kg for 5 days (with ALS) caused transient weight loss of 12-20% in the first week, with full recovery by 3 weeks. A 10-day course at 10-20 mg/kg resulted in ~25% weight loss, with delayed recovery (30-40 days). A dose of 80 mg/kg (5-day course) was lethal to all animals, causing death between 12-15 days post-transplantation. Weight loss is hypothesized to result from biotin binding, which may suppress intracellular metabolism. [2] |
| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
- Protein Structure and Properties: Streptavidin is a ~60 kDa homotetramer. It is resistant to heat (Tm ≥ 75°C, increasing to 112°C upon biotin binding), proteolysis, and chemical denaturants. The tetramer has four biotin-binding sites. The tight binding is driven by hydrogen bonds (e.g., from N23, S27, Y43, S45, D128), van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic interactions (e.g., from Trp-79, Trp-92, Trp-108, Trp-120). An N54A interface mutation prevents dimerization and reduces affinity to K_D ~ 10⁻⁷ M. [1]
- Mechanism of Immunomodulation: The proposed mechanism for allograft prolongation is the suppression of host T-cell activation following antigen exposure. This is supported by the in vitro finding that streptavidin inhibits the proliferative response of T-cells to alloantigens in mixed lymphocyte culture. [2] - Immunosuppressive Treatment Context: In the transplant model, streptavidin was used in combination with antilymphocyte serum (ALS) to achieve significant graft prolongation. The effect was dose-dependent and more effective in low-responder (Lewis-to-ACI) than high-responder (WF-to-Lewis) strain combinations. [2] Streptavidin is an organochlorine compound. Streptavidin is a 60 kDa extracellular protein of Streptomyces avidinii with four high-affinity biotin-binding sites. Unlike AVIDIN, streptavidin has a near-neutral isoelectric point and does not contain carbohydrate side chains. |
| Exact Mass |
376.985
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|---|---|
| CAS # |
9013-20-1
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| PubChem CID |
51062757
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
4
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| Heavy Atom Count |
20
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| Complexity |
351
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
C1CC[N+](=C(C2=CC(=CC=C2)Cl)SCC(=O)O)CC1.[Br-]
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| InChi Key |
RTWACOLFHOBGCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C14H16ClNO2S.BrH/c15-12-6-4-5-11(9-12)14(19-10-13(17)18)16-7-2-1-3-8-16;/h4-6,9H,1-3,7-8,10H2;1H
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| Chemical Name |
2-[(3-chlorophenyl)-piperidin-1-ium-1-ylidenemethyl]sulfanylacetic acid bromide
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| Synonyms |
9013-20-1; Strepavidin; RefChem:389287; DTXSID701054443; ...; Recombinant Streptavidin protein (PerCP);
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O: ~100 mg/mL
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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