| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
AAPH targets biological molecules through free radical generation. Upon thermal decomposition, AAPH produces peroxyl radicals that can oxidize lipids, proteins, and DNA. In oxidative stress research, AAPH is used to induce oxidative damage in cells and tissues, allowing for the study of antioxidant defense mechanisms. The compound's free radical-generating properties make it a valuable tool for studying the mechanisms of oxidative stress and evaluating the antioxidant capacity of various compounds.
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
In vitro studies have demonstrated that AAPH is a potent inducer of lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage. The compound thermally decomposes to produce peroxyl radicals that oxidize biological molecules. AAPH is used in cell-free systems to induce oxidative stress and evaluate antioxidant activity. Its effects on lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and DNA damage have been characterized. These in vitro findings support its applications in oxidative stress research and antioxidant screening.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo studies of AAPH are limited as the compound is primarily used as a research tool for in vitro oxidative stress studies. When administered in vivo, AAPH can induce oxidative damage in tissues. However, comprehensive in vivo pharmacological studies specifically targeting AAPH are not well documented in the available literature. The compound is intended for research use only and is not for human therapeutic use.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro oxidative stress assays for AAPH typically involve its use as a free radical generator. AAPH is thermally decomposed to produce peroxyl radicals, which are used to induce lipid peroxidation in cell-free systems. Antioxidant activity is assessed by measuring the inhibition of AAPH-induced oxidation using various detection methods. All assays are performed with appropriate controls and standardized protocols.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for AAPH involve culturing cells to evaluate oxidative stress responses. Cells are treated with AAPH to induce oxidative damage and cell viability is assessed using MTT or similar colorimetric assays. Reactive oxygen species levels are measured using fluorescent probes. Antioxidant compounds are evaluated for their ability to protect against AAPH-induced oxidative damage. All experiments are performed in triplicate with appropriate controls.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments for AAPH would be conducted to evaluate its effects on oxidative stress in vivo. Animals would be administered the compound and markers of oxidative stress measured in blood and tissue samples. Parameters assessed would include lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and antioxidant enzyme activities. Control groups receiving vehicle alone would be included for comparison. All procedures would comply with institutional animal care and use committee guidelines.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic properties of AAPH reflect its nature as a water-soluble azo compound. It has a molecular formula of C8H18N6·2HCl. As a water-soluble compound, it would be absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. The compound thermally decomposes to produce free radicals. Complete pharmacokinetic profiling would require further systematic studies.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicity profile of AAPH has been evaluated in the context of its use as a research chemical. As a free radical generator, it can cause oxidative damage to biological molecules. Proper handling procedures including use of personal protective equipment are recommended when working with pure compound. The compound is not approved for human therapeutic use and is intended for research purposes only. Long-term toxicity studies would be needed to fully establish its safety profile.
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| References |
[1]. Sean M. Culbertson, et al. Unsymmetrical Azo Initiators Increase Efficiency of Radical Generation in Aqueous Dispersions, Liposomal Membranes, and Lipoproteins. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 17, 4032–4038.
[2]. Liao W, et al. Intracellular antioxidant detoxifying effects of diosmetin on 2,2-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced oxidative stress through inhibition of reactive oxygen species generation. J Agric Food Chem. 2014 Aug 27;62(34):8648-54. |
| Additional Infomation |
AAPH is a monoazo compound.
AAPH (2,2'-Azodiisobutyramidine dihydrochloride, CAS# 2997-92-4) is a water-soluble azo compound that thermally decomposes to produce free radicals. It is widely used as a free radical initiator in polymerization reactions and as a source of peroxyl radicals in oxidative stress research. AAPH is used to induce lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage in biological systems, making it valuable for studying antioxidant activity and oxidative stress mechanisms. The compound is intended for research use only. |
| Molecular Formula |
C8H20CL2N6
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
271.19
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| Exact Mass |
270.112
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| CAS # |
2997-92-4
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| Related CAS # |
13217-66-8 (Parent)
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| PubChem CID |
76344
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
0.42
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| Boiling Point |
267ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
160-169 ºC
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| Flash Point |
115.3ºC
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| Vapour Pressure |
8.02E-05mmHg at 25°C
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| LogP |
4.071
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
6
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
4
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| Heavy Atom Count |
16
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| Complexity |
248
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
Cl[H].Cl[H].N(/C(/C(=N/[H])/N([H])[H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H])=N\C(/C(=N/[H])/N([H])[H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H]
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| InChi Key |
LXEKPEMOWBOYRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C8H18N6.2ClH/c1-7(2,5(9)10)13-14-8(3,4)6(11)12;;/h1-4H3,(H3,9,10)(H3,11,12);2*1H
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| Chemical Name |
2-[(1-amino-1-imino-2-methylpropan-2-yl)diazenyl]-2-methylpropanimidamide;dihydrochloride
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.6875 mL | 18.4373 mL | 36.8745 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7375 mL | 3.6875 mL | 7.3749 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3687 mL | 1.8437 mL | 3.6875 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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