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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Hemoglobin targets oxygen for transport and delivery to tissues. It binds to various gases including oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfide. As a multifunctional molecule, it is involved in numerous enzymatic catalysis, nitric oxide metabolism, pH regulation, and maintaining redox balance. Hemoglobin's ability to bind various gases allows it to be used in the delivery of therapeutic agents directly to tumor sites, enhancing treatment efficacy while minimizing systemic side effects. Research indicates that hemoglobin can facilitate tissue regeneration and improve healing outcomes.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro studies have demonstrated that hemoglobin is used as a substrate in enzyme activity assays, including cathepsin D activity assays and acid protease activity measurements. It is used to measure the activity of acid proteases (pepsin-like) in stomach extracts. Hemoglobin's oxygen-binding properties have been characterized in various in vitro systems. Its ability to bind various gases and participate in enzymatic catalysis has been documented. These in vitro findings support its applications in biochemical research and enzyme activity studies.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo studies of hemoglobin have focused on its physiological role in oxygen transport and delivery. Hemoglobin's ability to bind various gases allows it to be used in the delivery of therapeutic agents directly to tumor sites. Research indicates that hemoglobin can facilitate tissue regeneration and improve healing outcomes when applied topically or incorporated into biomaterials. Bovine hemoglobin is used in the production of hemoglobin-vesicles (HbV). However, the compound is intended for research use only and is not for human therapeutic use.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays for hemoglobin typically involve testing its activity as a substrate for proteases. Hemoglobin is used as a substrate in cathepsin D activity assays. It is also used to measure the activity of acid proteases (pepsin-like) in stomach extracts. Enzyme activity is measured by monitoring the degradation of hemoglobin using spectrophotometric or colorimetric methods. The compound's purity and identity are assessed using analytical methods. All assays are performed with appropriate controls and standardized protocols to ensure reproducibility of results.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for hemoglobin involve culturing cells to evaluate its effects on oxygen delivery and cellular metabolism. Cells are treated with hemoglobin preparations and oxygen consumption or cellular responses are measured. For drug delivery studies, hemoglobin conjugates are evaluated for their ability to deliver therapeutic agents to target cells. Cell viability is assessed using MTT or similar colorimetric assays. For tissue regeneration studies, cells are cultured with hemoglobin-containing biomaterials and healing outcomes are assessed. All experiments are performed with appropriate controls to ensure statistical reliability.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments for hemoglobin are conducted to evaluate its potential in therapeutic delivery and tissue regeneration. For drug delivery studies, animals are administered hemoglobin-based therapeutic agents and tumor targeting and efficacy are assessed. For tissue regeneration studies, hemoglobin is applied topically or incorporated into biomaterials and healing outcomes are assessed. Hemoglobin-vesicles (HbV) are evaluated for their oxygen-carrying capacity. Parameters assessed include wound healing, tissue regeneration, and tumor growth. Control groups receiving vehicle alone are included for comparison. All procedures comply with institutional animal care and use committee guidelines.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Metabolism / Metabolites
There is a type of hereditary disease called porphyria, which is characterized by an error in the heme synthesis metabolic pathway. The pharmacokinetic properties of hemoglobin reflect its nature as a large protein. It has a molecular weight of approximately 64.5 kDa for the tetramer. As a protein, it is not absorbed intact through the gastrointestinal tract and is typically administered parenterally. Hemoglobin is cleared from circulation through various mechanisms including haptoglobin binding and reticuloendothelial system uptake. Its half-life in circulation is determined by its binding to haptoglobin and subsequent clearance. Complete pharmacokinetic profiling would require further systematic studies. |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Protein Binding
This means that, compared to adult hemoglobin, the oxygen binding curve of fetal hemoglobin is shifted to the left (i.e., a higher proportion of hemoglobin binds to oxygen at lower oxygen tension). The toxicity profile of hemoglobin has been evaluated in the context of its use as a research chemical and therapeutic agent. Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers have been associated with various toxicities including vasoconstriction, oxidative stress, and nephrotoxicity. Proper handling procedures including use of personal protective equipment are recommended when working with pure compound. The compound is not approved for human therapeutic use and is intended for research purposes only. Long-term toxicity studies would be needed to fully establish its safety profile for pharmaceutical applications. |
| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
The respiratory protein of red blood cells. It is mainly composed of globin and heme.
See also: Hemoglobin (note moved to). Drug Indications Studied for the treatment of blood disorders (diseases of hematopoietic organs, not specified) and bleeding. Mechanism of Action The heme group consists of an iron (Fe) ion (charged atom) located in a heterocyclic ring (also called a porphyrin ring). The iron ion at the oxygen binding site binds to the nitrogen atom located at the center of the porphyrin ring. The iron ion binds with high affinity to the globular protein through the imidazole ring of histidine residue F8 located below the porphyrin ring. The sixth position reversibly binds to oxygen, thus completing the formation of the octahedral group. One oxygen atom binds to iron, and another oxygen atom protrudes at a certain angle. When the oxygen atom is not bound to the iron atom, water molecules (weakly bound) fill the position, forming a twisted shape, usually described as an octahedron. Hemoglobin (CAS# 9008-02-0) is an iron-containing oxygen-binding protein present in red blood cells. It consists of heme and globin chains with 141 and 146 amino acids for α and β chains, respectively. Hemoglobin transports oxygen from lungs to tissues and binds various gases including CO2, NO, H2S, and sulfide. It is involved in enzymatic catalysis, NO metabolism, pH regulation, and redox balance maintenance. Hemoglobin is used as a substrate in enzyme activity assays and in hemoglobin-vesicle production. It is intended for research use only. |
| Molecular Weight |
0
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| Exact Mass |
226.074
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| CAS # |
9008-02-0
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| PubChem CID |
13285535
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| Appearance |
Brown to reddish brown solid powder
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| Density |
1.3±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
400.9±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
196.3±28.7 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±0.9 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.609
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| LogP |
2.95
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
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| Heavy Atom Count |
17
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| Complexity |
353
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
INGWEZCOABYORO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C13H10N2O2/c1-8-4-5-9-11(16)7-10(15-13(9)14-8)12-3-2-6-17-12/h2-7H,1H3,(H,14,15,16)
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| Chemical Name |
2-(furan-2-yl)-7-methyl-1H-1,8-naphthyridin-4-one
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
An evaluation of pressure ulcer using fingerstall-type tissue oximetry
CTID: UMIN000032921
PhaseNot applicable Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2018-07-01
Products are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
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