| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Not a drug; an endogenous metabolite biomarker. No defined pharmacological target in therapeutic context. As a uremic toxin, its biological effects are mediated through interactions with various cellular components, including oxidative stress induction and impairment of endothelial function. It binds to serum proteins, particularly albumin, which reduces its free concentration and influences its accumulation in CKD patients.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro studies show p-cresol glucuronide can induce oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in various cell types. It impairs endothelial cell function by reducing nitric oxide bioavailability and promoting leukocyte adhesion. The compound has been shown to inhibit leukocyte activation and modulate cytokine production. In renal tubular cells, it can induce cellular dysfunction and promote fibrosis-related gene expression. Its effects are typically observed at concentrations relevant to those found in CKD patients (50-200 uM).
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, p-cresol glucuronide accumulates in the bloodstream of CKD patients due to impaired renal clearance. Studies in animal models have demonstrated that administration of p-cresol glucuronide can mimic aspects of uremic toxicity, including oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and cardiovascular pathology. It has been associated with increased cardiovascular mortality in CKD populations. The compound crosses the blood-brain barrier to some extent and can influence central nervous system function. Its levels correlate with the severity of kidney dysfunction and clinical outcomes.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Competitive ELISA or LC-MS/MS-based methods are used to quantify p-cresol glucuronide in biological samples (plasma, urine, feces). Sample preparation typically involves protein precipitation with acetonitrile or methanol followed by solid-phase extraction. For LC-MS/MS analysis, separation is achieved on a C18 reverse-phase column with mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile. The compound is detected using negative ion electrospray ionization with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions (m/z 283 → 113 for p-cresol glucuronide).
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| Cell Assay |
Cell-based assays using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), renal proximal tubular cells (HK-2), or THP-1 monocytes are commonly employed. Cells are cultured in appropriate medium (e.g., DMEM or RPMI) with 10% FBS and incubated with various concentrations of p-cresol glucuronide (1-200 uM) for 24-72 hours. Endpoints include assessment of cell viability (MTT assay), oxidative stress (DCFH-DA staining), inflammatory cytokine production (ELISA for IL-6, TNF-alpha), and endothelial dysfunction markers (eNOS expression, NO production).
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| Animal Protocol |
Animal studies typically employ CKD rodent models (e.g., 5/6 nephrectomy or adenine diet-induced CKD). Test compounds are administered via oral gavage or intravenous injection at doses ranging from 10-100 mg/kg. p-Cresol glucuronide levels in blood and tissues are measured at various time points post-administration. Endpoints include assessment of renal function (serum creatinine, BUN), oxidative stress markers (MDA, SOD activity), inflammatory parameters (cytokine levels), and histopathological analysis of kidney tissue.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
As an endogenous metabolite in humans, p-cresol glucuronide is primarily eliminated via renal excretion. Its plasma half-life is prolonged in CKD patients (estimated ~8-12 hours in severe CKD) compared to healthy individuals (2-4 hours). It is highly bound to plasma proteins (>90% bound to albumin), limiting its removal by conventional hemodialysis. The compound undergoes enterohepatic circulation and can be metabolized back to p-cresol by gut bacterial beta-glucuronidases.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Cumulative exposure to elevated p-cresol glucuronide levels in CKD patients is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality, systemic inflammation, and progression of kidney disease. In animal studies, high-dose administration (100-200 mg/kg) can cause renal tubular injury, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction. The compound is considered a uremic toxin with potential organ toxicity when accumulated. No acute lethal dose (LD50) data is available for humans as it is an endogenous metabolite rather than an administered drug.
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| References |
[1]. Liabeuf S, et al. Does p-cresylglucuronide have the same impact on mortality as other protein-bound uremic toxins? PLoS One. 2013 Jun 24;8(6):e67168.
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| Additional Infomation |
p-Tolyl β-D-glucuronide is a glucuronic acid formed by replacing the anolyl hydroxyl hydrogen of β-D-glucuronide with a p-tolyl group. It is a metabolite in rats and mice. It is the conjugate acid of p-tolyl β-D-glucuronide (1-).
p-Cresol glucuronide is a prototype protein-bound uremic toxin used in nephrology and cardiovascular research. It serves as a quality control marker for assessing gut microbiota-derived metabolite production. Unlike p-cresol sulfate, p-cresol glucuronide is formed by Phase II conjugation rather than sulfation. The compound is not a therapeutic drug but a research tool for understanding CKD pathophysiology. It is available as a certified reference material for analytical method development and clinical biomarker studies. No clinical trials or FDA approvals exist for this compound as a drug. |
| Molecular Formula |
C13H16O7
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
284.26
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| Exact Mass |
284.09
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| CAS # |
17680-99-8
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| PubChem CID |
154035
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.524g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
549.7ºC at 760mmHg
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| Flash Point |
211.6ºC
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| Vapour Pressure |
6.42E-13mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.633
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| LogP |
0.4
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
4
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
7
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
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| Heavy Atom Count |
20
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| Complexity |
340
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
5
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| SMILES |
CC1C=CC(O[C@@H]2O[C@H](C(=O)O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]2O)=CC=1
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| InChi Key |
JPAUCQAJHLSMQW-XPORZQOISA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C13H16O7/c1-6-2-4-7(5-3-6)19-13-10(16)8(14)9(15)11(20-13)12(17)18/h2-5,8-11,13-16H,1H3,(H,17,18)/t8-,9-,10+,11-,13+/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2S,3S,4S,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(4-methylphenoxy)oxane-2-carboxylic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.5179 mL | 17.5895 mL | 35.1791 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7036 mL | 3.5179 mL | 7.0358 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3518 mL | 1.7590 mL | 3.5179 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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