| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Acetylcholine M2 receptor (CHRM2). Smilagenin acetate acts as a modulator of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor expression, specifically upregulating the expression of the M2 receptor subtype. The M2 receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor that plays important roles in the central nervous system, including regulation of cognitive function, memory, and neurotransmitter release. By increasing M2 receptor expression, smilagenin acetate may enhance cholinergic signaling, which is relevant to the pathophysiology of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. The compound does not appear to directly bind to the receptor as an agonist or antagonist but rather modulates receptor expression at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level.
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
On CHO cells transfected with m2 receptor DNA, smilagenin acetate stimulates the expression of m2 receptors[1].
Smilagenin acetate increases the expression of acetylcholine m2 receptors on CHO cells transfected with DNA for the m2 receptor. This upregulation of M2 receptor expression has been demonstrated in cell-based assays, making the compound a candidate for dementia research. The compound does not exhibit direct agonist or antagonist activity at the M2 receptor but rather modulates receptor density. The exact mechanism of receptor upregulation is not fully characterized but may involve transcriptional activation of the CHRM2 gene or stabilization of receptor mRNA. The compound's activity is specific to the M2 subtype, although the extent of selectivity has not been fully established. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo studies of smilagenin acetate are limited, but its ability to upregulate M2 receptor expression suggests potential therapeutic applications for dementia and cognitive disorders. The M2 receptor is involved in cognitive function, and its downregulation has been associated with Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative conditions. By increasing M2 receptor expression, smilagenin acetate may enhance cholinergic signaling and improve cognitive function. Preclinical studies in animal models of dementia would be needed to confirm these effects. The compound is orally bioavailable as a sapogenin derivative and may cross the blood-brain barrier due to its lipophilic steroidal structure.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Non-cell-based assays for smilagenin acetate are limited. Standard analytical methods including HPLC, NMR, and mass spectrometry are used to confirm compound identity and purity. For receptor binding studies, radioligand binding assays using membrane preparations from cells expressing the M2 receptor can be performed to assess whether smilagenin acetate directly binds to the receptor. However, the compound's primary activity is modulation of receptor expression rather than direct receptor binding, so gene expression analysis using qPCR or Western blot is more relevant for assessing its mechanism of action.
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| Cell Assay |
Cell-based assays for smilagenin acetate use CHO cells transfected with DNA encoding the human M2 receptor. Cells are cultured in appropriate medium and treated with smilagenin acetate at various concentrations for specific time periods (typically 24-72 hours). M2 receptor expression is assessed by Western blot or flow cytometry using M2 receptor-specific antibodies. mRNA levels are quantified by qPCR. Functional activity of the upregulated receptors can be assessed by measuring intracellular calcium or cAMP responses to M2 receptor agonists. Cytotoxicity is assessed by MTT or similar assays to ensure that observed effects are not due to cell death.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo studies of smilagenin acetate in animal models are limited in the published literature. Based on its proposed mechanism of action, potential animal models include: transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease for evaluating effects on cognitive function and cholinergic signaling; and scopolamine-induced amnesia models for assessing cognitive enhancement. Standard protocols involve oral or intraperitoneal administration of the compound, followed by behavioral testing (e.g., Morris water maze, novel object recognition) and biochemical analysis of brain tissue for M2 receptor expression and cholinergic markers.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Smilagenin acetate has a molecular weight of 458.67 g/mol and a molecular formula of C₂₉H₄₆O₄. It has a density of 1.11 g/cm³. The compound is slightly soluble in DMSO. It should be stored as a powder at -20°C for up to 3 years or in solvent at -80°C for 1 year. The compound is a solid with a white appearance at room temperature. As a steroidal sapogenin derivative, it is expected to have moderate lipophilicity and may be orally bioavailable. For in vivo formulation, standard protocols for lipophilic compounds can be used.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Specific toxicity data for smilagenin acetate are limited. As a sapogenin derivative, it is generally considered to have low acute toxicity. However, comprehensive toxicological studies have not been reported. The compound is intended for research use only and should be handled with standard laboratory safety practices, including the use of personal protective equipment. No genotoxic, carcinogenic, or reproductive toxicity data are available. High doses may cause adverse effects based on the biological activity of related steroidal compounds.
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| References |
[1]. Paul Barraclough, et al. 5-beta-sapogenin and pseudosapogenin derivatives and their use in the treatment of dementia. US20030004147A1.
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| Additional Infomation |
See also: Smilax acetoside (note moved to).
Smilagenin acetate is a semi-synthetic steroidal sapogenin derivative and the acetate ester of smilagenin, a 5β-spirostanol sapogenin. It was identified in patent literature as a modulator of neuronal receptor expression. The compound's ability to upregulate acetylcholine M2 receptor expression in cell assays makes it a candidate for dementia research. The M2 receptor is an important target for cognitive enhancement, and its downregulation in Alzheimer's disease suggests that upregulating this receptor could have therapeutic benefits. Smilagenin acetate is used as a research tool for studying muscarinic receptor regulation and neurodegenerative disease mechanisms. It is for research use only. |
| Molecular Formula |
C29H46O4
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
458.67
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| Exact Mass |
458.34
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| CAS # |
4947-75-5
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| PubChem CID |
225766
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.11g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
527.5ºC at 760mmHg
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| Flash Point |
221.8ºC
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| LogP |
6.364
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
33
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| Complexity |
797
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
12
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| SMILES |
CC(O[C@H]1CC[C@@]2([C@H]3CC[C@@]4([C@H]5[C@H](C)[C@@]6(CC[C@@H](C)CO6)O[C@H]5C[C@H]4[C@@H]3CC[C@@H]2C1)C)C)=O
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| InChi Key |
LVRAKYNQYKVPIK-BSPYNPCNSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C29H46O4/c1-17-8-13-29(31-16-17)18(2)26-25(33-29)15-24-22-7-6-20-14-21(32-19(3)30)9-11-27(20,4)23(22)10-12-28(24,26)5/h17-18,20-26H,6-16H2,1-5H3/t17-,18+,20-,21+,22-,23+,24+,25+,26+,27+,28+,29-/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
[(1R,2S,4S,5'R,6R,7S,8R,9S,12S,13S,16S,18R)-5',7,9,13-tetramethylspiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icosane-6,2'-oxane]-16-yl] acetate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
Ethanol: 10 mg/mL (21.80 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.1802 mL | 10.9011 mL | 21.8022 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4360 mL | 2.1802 mL | 4.3604 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2180 mL | 1.0901 mL | 2.1802 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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