| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1g |
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| 5g | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Carnitine transporters (OCTN2 and others). D-Carnitine is the D-enantiomer of carnitine and is not biologically active as a fatty acid transporter. High doses of D-carnitine may inhibit the transport of long-chain fatty acids. The compound may compete with L-carnitine for binding to carnitine transporters such as OCTN2, potentially inhibiting the uptake of the biologically active L-carnitine. Its mechanism of action is related to its interaction with carnitine transport systems rather than direct pharmacological activity.
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| ln Vitro |
D-Carnitine is the D-enantiomer of carnitine and is not biologically active as a fatty acid transporter. High doses of D-carnitine may inhibit the transport of long-chain fatty acids. The compound may compete with L-carnitine for binding to carnitine transporters, potentially affecting fatty acid metabolism. Its specific in vitro activities depend on the concentrations tested and the assay systems used. It is primarily used as a research tool for studying carnitine metabolism and transporter specificity.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo studies of D-carnitine are limited. As the D-enantiomer of carnitine, it is not biologically active for fatty acid transport. High doses may inhibit the transport of long-chain fatty acids. The compound may be used in research to study the chiral specificity of carnitine transporters and the metabolic effects of carnitine enantiomers. Further studies are needed to characterize its specific in vivo effects.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Non-cell-based assays for D-carnitine are primarily analytical in nature. HPLC, LC-MS/MS, or enzymatic assays are used for identification and quantification of the compound. Chiral separation methods may be used to distinguish D-carnitine from L-carnitine. Standard analytical methods including NMR and mass spectrometry are used for compound characterization and purity assessment.
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| Cell Assay |
Cell-based assays for D-carnitine use various cell lines expressing carnitine transporters (e.g., OCTN2). Cells are treated with D-carnitine, and its effects on L-carnitine uptake are measured using radiolabeled or fluorescently labeled L-carnitine. Competition assays assess the ability of D-carnitine to inhibit L-carnitine transport. Cytotoxicity is assessed using MTT or similar assays.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo studies of D-carnitine are limited. Potential animal models include: studies of carnitine metabolism and transport; and studies of fatty acid metabolism. The compound may be administered to animals, and its effects on L-carnitine levels, fatty acid oxidation, and metabolic parameters are assessed.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Metabolism / Metabolites
Following oral administration, unabsorbed L-carnitine is metabolized by bacterial flora in the gastrointestinal tract. Major metabolites include trimethylamine N-oxide and [3H]-γ-butylbetaine. Elimination pathway: Following a single intravenous injection, 73.1 ± 16% of the dose is excreted in the urine within 0–24 hours. With oral carnitine supplementation and a high-carnitine diet, 58–65% of the radioactive dose is recovered from urine and feces within 5–11 days. Half-life: 17.4 hours after a single intravenous injection (elimination). D-Carnitine has a molecular formula of C₇H₁₅NO₃ and a molecular weight of 161.20 g/mol. The CAS number is 541-14-0. Purity is ≥95-96%. The compound appears as a white to light yellow powder or crystal. It should be stored refrigerated at 0-10°C. It is the D-enantiomer of carnitine and is intended for research use only. |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicity Summary
L-carnitine can be synthesized in the body from lysine or methionine. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is essential for carnitine synthesis. L-carnitine is a carrier molecule for the transport of long-chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane. It also removes acyl groups from subcellular organelles and cells into the urine, preventing their accumulation to toxic concentrations. Only L-carnitine (sometimes called vitamin BT) affects lipid metabolism. L-carnitine is processed by various proteins in different metabolic pathways, including carnitine transporters, carnitine translocases, carnitine acetyltransferases, and carnitine palmitoyltransferases. Toxicity Data LD50 > 8g/kg (mice, orally). Specific toxicity data for D-carnitine are limited. High doses may inhibit the transport of long-chain fatty acids. As a carnitine enantiomer, it is generally considered to have low toxicity. Standard laboratory safety practices should be followed when handling this compound, including the use of personal protective equipment. It is intended for research use only. |
| Additional Infomation |
(S)-Carnitine is the (S)-enantiomer of carnitine, the conjugate base of (S)-carnitine-onium, and also the enantiomer of (R)-carnitine. D-carnitine has been reported in the Chinese honeybee (Apis cerana) and Caenorhabditis elegans, with relevant data available. L-Carnitine is a metabolite found or produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
D-Carnitine is the D-enantiomer of carnitine, a quaternary ammonium compound involved in fatty acid transport. L-Carnitine is the biologically active form that facilitates the transport of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria for β-oxidation. D-Carnitine is not biologically active for fatty acid transport and is primarily used as a research tool for studying carnitine metabolism and the chiral specificity of carnitine transporters. High doses of D-carnitine may inhibit the transport of long-chain fatty acids. It is for research use only. |
| Molecular Formula |
C7H15NO3
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
161.20
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| Exact Mass |
161.105
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| CAS # |
541-14-0
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| PubChem CID |
2724480
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| Appearance |
Off-white to yellow solid powder
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| Melting Point |
197ºC
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| LogP |
-4.52
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
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| Heavy Atom Count |
11
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| Complexity |
134
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
O([H])[C@@]([H])(C([H])([H])C(=O)[O-])C([H])([H])[N+](C([H])([H])[H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H]
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| InChi Key |
PHIQHXFUZVPYII-LURJTMIESA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C7H15NO3/c1-8(2,3)5-6(9)4-7(10)11/h6,9H,4-5H2,1-3H3/t6-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(3S)-3-hydroxy-4-(trimethylazaniumyl)butanoate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 6.2035 mL | 31.0174 mL | 62.0347 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.2407 mL | 6.2035 mL | 12.4069 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.6203 mL | 3.1017 mL | 6.2035 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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