| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
D-amino acid oxidase (DAO)[1]
DAO (D-amino acid oxidase). DAO-IN-1 is a potent inhibitor of D-amino acid oxidase (DAO), an enzyme responsible for the metabolism of D-serine. D-serine is a co-agonist of NMDA receptors, which are involved in synaptic plasticity and cognitive function. By inhibiting DAO, DAO-IN-1 increases D-serine levels in the brain, which may ameliorate schizophrenia. |
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| ln Vitro |
DAO-IN-1 is a potent inhibitor of D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) with an IC₅₀ of 269 ± 77 nM for human DAO. It shows good inhibitory activity in CHO cells overexpressing human DAO (IC₅₀ = 269 ± 77 nM). By inhibiting DAO, it increases D-serine levels. D-serine is a co-agonist of NMDA receptors.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, DAO-IN-1 ameliorates schizophrenia by increasing D-serine levels in the brain. By inhibiting DAO, it prevents the breakdown of D-serine, leading to increased D-serine levels and enhanced NMDA receptor function. This mechanism is being explored for the treatment of schizophrenia and other cognitive disorders.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Non-cell-based assays for DAO-IN-1 include DAO enzyme inhibition assays using purified human DAO or DAO from other species. The enzyme is incubated with D-serine or other substrates in the presence of various concentrations of the compound, and enzyme activity is measured by detecting the production of hydrogen peroxide or other products. The IC₅₀ of 269 nM is determined from the dose-response curve.
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| Cell Assay |
Cell-based assays for DAO-IN-1 use CHO cells overexpressing human DAO to assess inhibitory activity. Cells are treated with the compound at various concentrations, and DAO activity is measured in cell lysates. D-serine levels in cell culture medium can be measured by HPLC or LC-MS. The compound's effects on NMDA receptor function can be assessed in neuronal cell models. Cytotoxicity is assessed using standard cell viability assays.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo studies of DAO-IN-1 are conducted in animal models of schizophrenia. The compound is administered via oral or intraperitoneal injection. D-serine levels in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid are measured. Behavioral tests such as prepulse inhibition, social interaction, and cognitive function tests are used to assess schizophrenia-like symptoms. The compound's ability to ameliorate these symptoms is evaluated.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
DAO-IN-1 has a molecular formula of C₇H₅NO₂S and a molecular weight of 167.19 g/mol. Purity is 97.46%. It is soluble in DMSO (80 mg/mL, 478.5 mM). For in vivo formulation, it can be prepared in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween 80 + 45% Saline at 3.3 mg/mL. Storage: powder at -20°C for 3 years; in solvent at -80°C for 1 year.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Specific toxicity data for DAO-IN-1 are limited. As a DAO inhibitor that increases D-serine levels, it may have effects on NMDA receptor function. The compound is intended for research use only and is not for human therapeutic applications. Standard laboratory safety practices should be followed when handling this compound.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
DAO-IN-1 (compound 10) is a potent inhibitor of D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) with an IC₅₀ of 269 ± 77 nM for human DAO. By inhibiting DAO, it increases D-serine levels in the brain, which is a co-agonist of NMDA receptors. It ameliorates schizophrenia by increasing D-serine levels in the brain. It belongs to the fused pyrrole carboxylic acid chemical class. It is for research use only.
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| Molecular Formula |
C7H5NO2S
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
167.19
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| Exact Mass |
167.004
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| CAS # |
51856-25-8
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| PubChem CID |
11622394
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| Appearance |
Light brown to brown solid powder
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| Density |
1.609 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
437.4ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
218.3ºC
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| LogP |
1.927
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
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| Heavy Atom Count |
11
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| Complexity |
185
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
C1=CSC2=C1C=C(C(=O)O)N2
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| InChi Key |
SEPXFZLYPWFMSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C7H5NO2S/c9-7(10)5-3-4-1-2-11-6(4)8-5/h1-3,8H,(H,9,10)
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| Chemical Name |
6H-thieno[2,3-b]pyrrole-5-carboxylic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.9812 mL | 29.9061 mL | 59.8122 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.1962 mL | 5.9812 mL | 11.9624 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5981 mL | 2.9906 mL | 5.9812 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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