| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 100mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
(R)-2-Hydroxybutanoic acid does not have a specific pharmacological target but is studied as a metabolite and biomarker. 2-Hydroxybutyric acid (the active isomer) is involved in metabolic pathways related to amino acid metabolism, particularly the conversion of methionine to homocysteine and cysteine via the transsulfuration pathway. Elevated levels of 2-hydroxybutyric acid reflect increased oxidative stress and metabolic dysregulation. The R-isomer is the inactive form and is used as a control in research.
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
In vitro, (R)-2-Hydroxybutanoic acid is used as a control compound to study the biological activity of 2-hydroxybutyric acid. The compound is the inactive isomer and does not exhibit the same biological effects as the active isomer. It is used in biochemical assays to distinguish between specific and non-specific effects. The compound's chemical properties are characterized, and its purity is confirmed by analytical methods. It serves as a reference standard in metabolomics studies.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, (R)-2-Hydroxybutanoic acid is a naturally occurring metabolite. Elevated levels in plasma or urine are considered a biomarker for oxidative stress, early insulin resistance, and metabolic dysregulation. The compound is not administered as a therapeutic agent but is measured in clinical and research settings as part of metabolomic profiling. Its levels reflect metabolic status and may be used to monitor disease progression or treatment response.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Non-cell-based assays for (R)-2-Hydroxybutanoic acid involve analytical chemistry methods including LC-MS/MS and GC-MS for quantification in biological samples. The compound serves as a reference standard and internal standard for the measurement of 2-hydroxybutyric acid and related metabolites. Calibration curves are generated using the compound. Its chemical properties (molecular weight 104.10, formula C₄H₈O₃) are characterized by NMR and MS. The compound's stability in biological samples is evaluated.
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| Cell Assay |
Cellular assays for (R)-2-Hydroxybutanoic acid are limited as the compound is primarily used as a control. In studies investigating 2-hydroxybutyric acid metabolism or effects, the R-isomer may be used as a negative control to confirm that observed effects are specific to the active isomer. Cells are treated with the compound, and cellular responses are measured and compared to the active isomer. Cell viability, metabolic parameters, and signaling pathways are assessed.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo experiments with (R)-2-Hydroxybutanoic acid typically involve measuring its levels as a biomarker. In animal models of metabolic disease, insulin resistance, or oxidative stress, plasma or urine samples are collected, and (R)-2-hydroxybutanoic acid levels are quantified by LC-MS/MS. The compound's levels are correlated with disease severity, metabolic parameters, or treatment effects. The compound is not administered as a therapeutic agent in these studies.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties are not applicable to (R)-2-Hydroxybutanoic acid as it is not a therapeutic agent. The compound is a naturally occurring metabolite with defined chemical properties. Its stability in biological samples, extraction efficiency, and chromatographic behavior are characterized for analytical applications. No PK data are available as the compound is not a drug.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicity of (R)-2-Hydroxybutanoic acid has not been comprehensively evaluated as it is not a therapeutic agent. As a naturally occurring metabolite, it is present at low concentrations in biological systems and is generally considered to be non-toxic. Elevated levels are a biomarker of metabolic dysregulation rather than a cause of toxicity. The compound is handled with standard laboratory safety precautions. It is for research use only and is not intended for human consumption.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
(R)-2-hydroxybutyric acid is the optically active form of 2-hydroxybutyric acid with the (R) configuration. It is the enantiomer of (S)-2-hydroxybutyric acid.
(R)-2-Hydroxybutanoic acid (CAS# 20016-85-7) is the inactive isomer of 2-hydroxybutyric acid with the molecular formula C₄H₈O₃ and a molecular weight of 104.10. It is also known as (R)-2-Hydroxybutyric acid and (R)-α-Hydroxybutyric acid. The compound is used as an experimental control in studies of 2-hydroxybutyric acid biology. Elevated levels of 2-hydroxybutyric acid (including both isomers) in plasma or urine are considered biomarkers for oxidative stress, early insulin resistance, and metabolic dysregulation. The compound is available for research use only and is not approved as a therapeutic agent. |
| Molecular Formula |
C4H8O3
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
104.10
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| Exact Mass |
104.047
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| CAS # |
20016-85-7
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| Related CAS # |
2-Hydroxybutyric acid;600-15-7;Sodium 2-hydroxybutanoate;5094-24-6;(S)-2-Hydroxybutanoic acid;3347-90-8
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| PubChem CID |
449265
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| Appearance |
Solid powder
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| Density |
1.195g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
238.3ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
50-54ºC
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| Flash Point |
112.2ºC
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.00759mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.455
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| LogP |
0.1
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
7
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| Complexity |
69.3
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
CC[C@H](C(=O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
AFENDNXGAFYKQO-GSVOUGTGSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C4H8O3/c1-2-3(5)4(6)7/h3,5H,2H2,1H3,(H,6,7)/t3-/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2R)-2-hydroxybutanoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO: 250 mg/mL (2401.54 mM)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (19.98 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (19.98 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (19.98 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 9.6061 mL | 48.0307 mL | 96.0615 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.9212 mL | 9.6061 mL | 19.2123 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.9606 mL | 4.8031 mL | 9.6061 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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