| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Sodium 2-hydroxybutanoate (2-HB) targets lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (alpha-HBDH), which catalyze its formation from alpha-ketobutyrate. It also serves as a substrate for the same enzymes in the reverse direction. It is a marker for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, and a product of protein metabolism and glutathione synthesis.
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
In vitro, 2-Hydroxybutanoate is used as a substrate to study LDH and alpha-HBDH activity. It is also used as a standard in metabolomics to study metabolic diseases such as diabetes and pre-eclampsia. It is a biomarker for insulin resistance and is used to investigate metabolic perturbations.
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| ln Vivo |
In animal studies, sodium 2-hydroxybutanoate is administered to rodents to study its effects on insulin resistance and liver metabolism. It is used as a tool to model metabolic acidosis and to investigate the relationship between 2-HB levels and type 2 diabetes. It is also used to study the effects of short-chain fatty acids on metabolism.
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| Enzyme Assay |
A non-cell assay using purified lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) or alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (alpha-HBDH) is performed. Sodium 2-hydroxybutanoate is added as a substrate, and the enzyme catalyzes its conversion to alpha-ketobutyrate with the reduction of NAD+ to NADH. Activity is measured by monitoring the increase in absorbance at 340 nm due to NADH production. The assay is performed in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 and 37degC.
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| Cell Assay |
Primary rat hepatocytes or insulin-secreting cell lines (e.g., INS-1, MIN6) are treated with sodium 2-hydroxybutanoate (0.1-10 mM). Cellular metabolism is assessed by measuring oxygen consumption rate (OCR) using a Seahorse analyzer. Targeted metabolomics analysis by LC-MS is used to quantify intermediates of the TCA cycle, glycolysis, and glutathione metabolism.
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| Animal Protocol |
In animal studies, sodium 2-hydroxybutanoate is typically dissolved in saline and administered to rodents via intraperitoneal injection (50-500 mg/kg) or oral gavage. It is also added to drinking water for chronic studies. Blood glucose, insulin, and ketone bodies are measured. Liver and muscle tissue are collected for metabolomics analysis by LC-MS. Glucose tolerance tests (GTT) and insulin tolerance tests (ITT) are performed.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Sodium 2-hydroxybutanoate is water-soluble and is rapidly absorbed and distributed to the liver and kidneys. It is metabolized by L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase and has a short plasma half-life (30-60 minutes). It is cleared primarily by the kidneys. Elevated 2-HB levels are associated with impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The compound is of low toxicity, as it is an endogenous metabolite. High doses (>500 mg/kg) may cause metabolic acidosis and osmotic diarrhea due to the sodium load and organic acid accumulation. No significant organ toxicity has been reported at research doses (50-200 mg/kg). LD₅0 is not well established, but the compound is well-tolerated in mice.
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| Additional Infomation |
Sodium 2-hydroxybutanoate is used as a standard for clinical chemistry and metabolomics research. It is studied as a potential biomarker for prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, and pre-eclampsia. It is used as a tool to investigate the mechanism of insulin resistance and the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome. It is also used to study LDH and alpha-HBDH enzyme kinetics. It is not an approved drug.
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| Molecular Formula |
C4H7NAO3
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
126.09
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| Exact Mass |
126.029
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| CAS # |
5094-24-6
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| Related CAS # |
2-Hydroxybutyric acid;600-15-7;(R)-2-Hydroxybutanoic acid;20016-85-7;Sodium 2-hydroxybutanoate-d3;1219798-97-6
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| PubChem CID |
23663641
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.195g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
238.3ºC at 760mmHg
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| Melting Point |
133-135 °C(lit.)
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| Flash Point |
112.2ºC
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
8
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| Complexity |
73.7
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
CCC(C(=O)[O-])O.[Na+]
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| InChi Key |
MOSCXNXKSOHVSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C4H8O3.Na/c1-2-3(5)4(6)7;/h3,5H,2H2,1H3,(H,6,7);/q;+1/p-1
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| Chemical Name |
sodium;2-hydroxybutanoate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O :~50 mg/mL (~396.54 mM)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 100 mg/mL (793.08 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication.
(Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 7.9308 mL | 39.6542 mL | 79.3084 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.5862 mL | 7.9308 mL | 15.8617 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.7931 mL | 3.9654 mL | 7.9308 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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