| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 500mg |
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| Targets |
(S)-2-Hydroxybutanoic acid does not have a specific therapeutic target but functions as an endogenous metabolite and biomarker. 2-Hydroxybutanoic acid is a byproduct of protein metabolism and is associated with insulin resistance. It is a metabolite in the glutathione biosynthesis pathway, where cystathionine is converted to cysteine. The amount of 2-hydroxybutanoic acid excreted in urine can reflect changes in glutathione synthesis rate.
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
(S)-2-Hydroxybutanoic acid is the S-enantiomer of 2-hydroxybutanoic acid, a byproduct of protein metabolism. It is a metabolite in the glutathione biosynthesis pathway. The compound is an insulin resistance biomarker. Urinary levels of 2-hydroxybutanoic acid can reflect changes in glutathione synthesis rate, which can be altered by oxidative stress or toxin exposure. The compound is used as an analytical standard for research applications.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, (S)-2-hydroxybutanoic acid is an endogenous metabolite produced as a byproduct of protein metabolism. It is excreted in urine, and its levels can reflect changes in glutathione synthesis rate. The compound is not used as a therapeutic agent but is studied as a biomarker for insulin resistance and metabolic disorders. Specific in vivo efficacy studies are not applicable.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro assays for (S)-2-hydroxybutanoic acid typically involve its use as an analytical standard in mass spectrometry-based metabolic studies. The compound is added to biological samples at known concentrations for quantification. Samples are analyzed by LC-MS/MS or GC-MS to measure 2-hydroxybutanoic acid levels. Standard protocols involve protein precipitation, derivatization (for GC-MS), and mass spectrometric analysis. The compound is dissolved in water or methanol for assay preparation.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cellular assays for (S)-2-hydroxybutanoic acid typically involve treating cells with the compound to study its effects on metabolism. Cells are incubated with the compound at concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 µM for various time periods. Cellular metabolites are extracted and analyzed by LC-MS or GC-MS. The compound's effects on glutathione synthesis and oxidative stress can be assessed using standard biochemical assays. The compound is dissolved in water or DMSO and diluted in cell culture medium.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for (S)-2-hydroxybutanoic acid are not typically performed for therapeutic purposes. The compound may be used in metabolic studies to trace 2-hydroxybutanoic acid metabolism. The compound is administered to animals, and blood, urine, and tissue samples are collected for analysis by mass spectrometry. The compound is not intended for human therapeutic use.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
(S)-2-Hydroxybutanoic acid has a molecular weight of 104.11 g/mol and formula C4H8O3. It appears as an off-white to light yellow solid powder with a density of 1.2±0.1 g/cm³, melting point of 50-54°C, and boiling point of 238.3°C. LogP is -0.17. Recommended storage is powder at -20°C for 3 years. The compound is soluble in water and organic solvents. Detailed PK parameters would require experimental determination.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
(S)-2-Hydroxybutanoic acid is intended for research use only and is not approved for human therapeutic applications. As an endogenous metabolite, it is generally considered to have low toxicity. Appropriate safety precautions should be taken when handling. The compound is used as an analytical standard and for studying insulin resistance and metabolism.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
(S)-2-hydroxybutyric acid (2-Hydroxybutyric acid) is the optically active form of 2-hydroxybutyric acid, with the (S)-configuration. It is a 2-hydroxybutyric acid and also a (2S)-2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid. It is the conjugate acid of (S)-2-hydroxybutyric acid and the enantiomer of (R)-2-hydroxybutyric acid. (S)-2-hydroxybutyric acid has been reported in Caenorhabditis elegans, and relevant data are available. 2-Hydroxybutyric acid is a hydroxy fatty acid anion and also the conjugate base of 2-hydroxybutyric acid. 2-Hydroxybutyric acid is a metabolite in the glutathione biosynthesis pathway, where cystathionine is converted to cysteine. The amount of 2-hydroxybutyric acid secreted in urine can reflect changes in the glutathione synthesis rate, and oxidative stress or toxin exposure can alter the glutathione synthesis rate.
(S)-2-Hydroxybutanoic acid (CAS 3347-90-8) is the S-enantiomer of 2-hydroxybutanoic acid. It has a molecular weight of 104.11 g/mol and formula C4H8O3. 2-Hydroxybutanoic acid is a byproduct of protein metabolism and an insulin resistance biomarker. The compound is a metabolite in the glutathione biosynthesis pathway. It is also known as (S)-2-hydroxybutyric acid and (S)-(+)-α-hydroxybutyric acid. The compound is not approved for clinical use. |
| Molecular Formula |
C4H8O3
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
104.10452
|
| Exact Mass |
104.047
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| CAS # |
3347-90-8
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| PubChem CID |
440864
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| Appearance |
Off-white to light yellow solid powder
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| Density |
1.2±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
238.3±13.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
50-54ºC
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| Flash Point |
112.2±16.3 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.1 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.455
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| LogP |
-0.17
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
7
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| Complexity |
69.3
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
CC[C@@H](C(=O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
AFENDNXGAFYKQO-VKHMYHEASA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C4H8O3/c1-2-3(5)4(6)7/h3,5H,2H2,1H3,(H,6,7)/t3-/m0/s1
|
| Chemical Name |
(2S)-2-hydroxybutanoic acid
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~960.52 mM)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (24.01 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (24.01 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (24.01 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 9.6061 mL | 48.0307 mL | 96.0615 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.9212 mL | 9.6061 mL | 19.2123 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.9606 mL | 4.8031 mL | 9.6061 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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