| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg |
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| 500mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
2-Hydroxybutyric acid targets metabolic pathways involved in insulin resistance, glucose regulation, and oxidative stress. As an early marker for insulin resistance and impaired glucose regulation, its production is closely linked to increased lipid oxidation and oxidative stress. The compound is involved in propanoate metabolism and is primarily produced in mammalian hepatic tissues that catabolize L-threonine or synthesize glutathione. It is a potential biomarker for type 2 diabetes and preeclampsia.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, 2-Hydroxybutyric acid is used as a biomarker for metabolic disorders. It prevents acetaminophen (AP)-induced liver injury. The compound is involved in the synthesis of glutathione, and its production is closely linked to oxidative stress and detoxification processes. It is an endogenous metabolite used in biochemical research to study insulin resistance, glucose regulation, and oxidative stress.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, 2-Hydroxybutyric acid is a potential biomarker for type 2 diabetes and preeclampsia. It prevents acetaminophen-induced liver injury. Elevated levels of alpha-hydroxybutyrate in plasma are a good marker for early-stage type II diabetes. The compound is often found in the urine of patients suffering from lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis. It generally appears at high concentrations in situations related to deficient energy metabolism.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays for 2-Hydroxybutyric acid involve measuring its role as a metabolite in amino acid catabolism and glutathione synthesis. Enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase catalyze the formation of 2-hydroxybutyric acid from alpha-ketobutyrate. Enzyme activity is assessed by monitoring the conversion of substrates to products. For biomarker studies, levels of 2-hydroxybutyric acid in biological samples are measured by HPLC or LC-MS. Assays are performed in appropriate buffer systems with positive controls.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for 2-Hydroxybutyric acid are conducted in hepatic cells and other relevant cell types. Cells are cultured in appropriate media and treated with the compound at varying concentrations. For hepatoprotection studies, cells are treated with acetaminophen and 2-hydroxybutyric acid, and cell viability is assessed. Oxidative stress markers are measured. Glutathione levels are assessed to evaluate the compound's role in detoxification. Experiments are performed in triplicate with appropriate positive and negative controls.
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| Animal Protocol |
2-Hydroxybutyric acid in vivo studies are conducted in animal models of metabolic disorders and liver injury. Animals are administered the compound via oral administration or injection. For biomarker studies, blood and urine samples are collected to measure 2-hydroxybutyric acid levels and assess its correlation with insulin resistance and diabetes. For hepatoprotection studies, animals are treated with acetaminophen and 2-hydroxybutyric acid, and liver injury markers are assessed. Animals are monitored for clinical signs. Tissues and blood samples are collected for biochemical analysis at study endpoints. Studies are conducted in accordance with institutional animal care guidelines.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
2-Hydroxybutyric acid (MW 104.10 g/mol, C4H8O3) is an organic acid and endogenous metabolite. It is also known as alpha-hydroxybutyrate. The compound is soluble in water and other appropriate solvents. It is stable under recommended storage conditions. 2-Hydroxybutyric acid is a potential biomarker for type 2 diabetes and preeclampsia. Pharmacokinetic parameters such as half-life, bioavailability, and tissue distribution would be determined in species-specific studies.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
2-Hydroxybutyric acid is generally well-tolerated as an endogenous metabolite. The compound is an early marker for insulin resistance and impaired glucose regulation. It prevents acetaminophen-induced liver injury. No significant adverse effects have been reported in the available literature at research-use concentrations. The compound is intended for research use only. Standard laboratory safety practices should be employed when handling this compound. Comprehensive toxicological evaluation would be required for therapeutic development.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
2-Hydroxybutyric acid (2-HHB) is a hydroxybutyric acid with a single hydroxyl group at the 2-position. Alcohol consumption or strenuous exercise increases the secretion of 2-HHB in urine, and it is associated with lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis in humans, as well as diabetes in animals. It is a metabolite in both humans and algae. It is a hydroxybutyric acid and a 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid. Functionally, it is related to butyric acid. It is the conjugate acid of 2-HHB. 2-HHB is a metabolite found or produced in Escherichia coli (K12 strain, MG1655 strain). It has also been reported to be present in African aloe vera, chili peppers, and other organisms with relevant data. 2-HHB is a metabolite found or produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
2-Hydroxybutyric acid (alpha-hydroxybutyrate) is an organic acid derived from alpha-ketobutyrate and an early marker for insulin resistance and impaired glucose regulation. It is formed by lactate dehydrogenase or alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. The compound prevents acetaminophen-induced liver injury and is a potential biomarker for type 2 diabetes and preeclampsia. Its production is linked to oxidative stress and glutathione synthesis. All applications are limited to non-human research use. |
| Molecular Formula |
C4H8O3
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
104.10452
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| Exact Mass |
104.047
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| CAS # |
600-15-7
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| Related CAS # |
(R)-2-Hydroxybutanoic acid;20016-85-7;Sodium 2-hydroxybutanoate;5094-24-6;(S)-2-Hydroxybutanoic acid;3347-90-8
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| PubChem CID |
11266
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| Appearance |
White to off-white <44.2°C solid powder,>44.2°C liquid
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| Density |
1.2±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
238.3±13.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
44ºC
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| Flash Point |
112.2±16.3 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.1 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.455
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| LogP |
-0.17
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
7
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| Complexity |
69.3
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
CCC(C(=O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
AFENDNXGAFYKQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C4H8O3/c1-2-3(5)4(6)7/h3,5H,2H2,1H3,(H,6,7)
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| Chemical Name |
2-hydroxybutanoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~960.61 mM )
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (24.02 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (24.02 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (24.02 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 9.6061 mL | 48.0307 mL | 96.0615 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.9212 mL | 9.6061 mL | 19.2123 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.9606 mL | 4.8031 mL | 9.6061 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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