| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 100mg |
|
||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
DL-Leucyl-DL-phenylalanine does not have a specific pharmacological target but is used as a substrate for dipeptidase enzymes. Dipeptidases catalyze the hydrolysis of dipeptides into their constituent amino acids. The compound's D- and L-isomers allow for the study of stereospecific recognition by peptidases, which typically prefer L-amino acids but may also process D-amino acid-containing peptides to varying degrees. The compound is also used in studies of peptide transport across cell membranes via peptide transporters (PEPT1, PEPT2).
|
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
DL-Leucyl-DL-phenylalanine is a dipeptide[1].
In vitro, DL-Leucyl-DL-phenylalanine is used as a substrate to detect dipeptidase activity. It is used to detect two regions of dipeptidase staining on a gel in Drosophila simulans and Drosophila melanogaster. The compound's hydrolysis by dipeptidases releases leucine and phenylalanine, which can be detected by various methods. The compound has been shown to inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in various cancer cell lines, potentially through modulation of signaling pathways. However, its primary use is as a biochemical substrate rather than a bioactive compound. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, DL-Leucyl-DL-phenylalanine is not used as a therapeutic agent. Its applications are primarily in biochemical research. The compound may be used in animal studies to investigate peptide metabolism, transport, or enzyme activity. However, detailed in vivo data are limited. The compound's presence of both D- and L-isomers allows for investigation of stereospecific processes in vivo, including intestinal absorption, tissue distribution, and renal handling of peptides.
|
| Enzyme Assay |
Non-cell-based assays for DL-Leucyl-DL-phenylalanine involve measuring dipeptidase activity. The compound is incubated with dipeptidase enzyme preparations, and the hydrolysis product (free leucine and phenylalanine) is measured. Detection methods include HPLC, LC-MS, or colorimetric assays for amino acids. The compound is also used as a standard in analytical methods for dipeptide quantification. Its chemical properties (molecular weight 278.35, formula C₁₅H₂₂N₂O₃) are characterized by NMR and MS.
|
| Cell Assay |
Cellular assays for DL-Leucyl-DL-phenylalanine are performed using various cell lines including cancer cells, intestinal cells, or cells expressing peptide transporters. Cells are treated with the dipeptide at various concentrations, and cellular responses are measured. Cell proliferation is measured by MTT or CellTiter-Glo assays. Apoptosis is assessed by Annexin V/PI staining. Peptide transport is evaluated by measuring intracellular uptake of the dipeptide or its hydrolysis products. Dipeptidase activity in cell lysates is measured using the compound as a substrate.
|
| Animal Protocol |
In vivo experiments with DL-Leucyl-DL-phenylalanine may be conducted in animal models to study peptide metabolism, transport, or enzyme activity. Animals are administered the dipeptide via oral gavage or injection, and plasma, urine, or tissue samples are collected. The compound and its hydrolysis products (leucine and phenylalanine) are quantified by HPLC or LC-MS. Dipeptidase activity in tissues is measured ex vivo using the compound as a substrate. Pharmacokinetic studies may evaluate absorption and metabolism of the dipeptide.
|
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of DL-Leucyl-DL-phenylalanine have not been extensively characterized. As a dipeptide, the compound is expected to be absorbed through peptide transporters (PEPT1) in the intestine and hydrolyzed by peptidases to release free amino acids. The presence of D- and L-isomers may affect transport and metabolism due to stereospecificity of transporters and enzymes. The compound's bioavailability, half-life, and tissue distribution are not well-defined. Comprehensive PK studies are lacking.
|
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicity of DL-Leucyl-DL-phenylalanine has not been comprehensively evaluated as it is not a therapeutic agent. Leucine and phenylalanine are essential amino acids that are generally safe at physiological concentrations. At high doses, amino acids can be toxic, and the same may apply to the dipeptide. The compound is handled with standard laboratory safety precautions. It is for research use only and is not intended for human consumption. Safety data sheets recommend standard protective measures.
|
| References |
[1]. Ohnishi S,. Comparative studies of allozyme loci in Drosophila simulans and Drosophila melanogaster. I. Three dipeptidase loci. Biochem Genet. 1981;19(1-2):75-85.
|
| Additional Infomation |
See also: Leu-Phe (Note moved to).
DL-Leucyl-DL-phenylalanine (CAS# 56217-82-4) is a dipeptide with the molecular formula C₁₅H₂₂N₂O₃ and a molecular weight of 278.35. It is also known as DL-Leu-DL-Phe. The compound is used as a substrate to detect dipeptidase activity and as a model compound in biochemical research to study peptide transport, metabolism, and enzymatic hydrolysis. The presence of both D- and L-isomers allows investigation into stereospecific interactions with enzymes. The compound is available for research use only and is not approved as a therapeutic agent. |
| Molecular Formula |
C15H22N2O3
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
278.35
|
| Exact Mass |
278.163
|
| CAS # |
56217-82-4
|
| PubChem CID |
259325
|
| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
|
| Density |
1.144g/cm3
|
| Boiling Point |
501.2ºC at 760 mmHg
|
| Flash Point |
256.9ºC
|
| Index of Refraction |
1.544
|
| LogP |
2.263
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
7
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
20
|
| Complexity |
325
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
| SMILES |
O=C(C([H])(C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H])N([H])[H])N([H])C([H])(C(=O)O[H])C([H])([H])C1C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C=1[H]
|
| InChi Key |
KFKWRHQBZQICHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C15H22N2O3/c1-10(2)8-12(16)14(18)17-13(15(19)20)9-11-6-4-3-5-7-11/h3-7,10,12-13H,8-9,16H2,1-2H3,(H,17,18)(H,19,20)
|
| Chemical Name |
2-[(2-amino-4-methylpentanoyl)amino]-3-phenylpropanoic acid
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
1M HCl: 16.67 mg/mL (59.89 mM)
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.5926 mL | 17.9630 mL | 35.9260 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7185 mL | 3.5926 mL | 7.1852 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3593 mL | 1.7963 mL | 3.5926 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Products are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
Copyright 2020 InvivoChem LLC | All Rights Reserved
