| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1mg |
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| Targets |
Levetiracetam (the non-deuterated parent drug) binds to the synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A) in the brain. SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located on synaptic vesicles that plays a role in regulating vesicle exocytosis and neurotransmitter release. Levetiracetam binds to SV2A with an IC50 of 1.99 microM. This binding modulates neurotransmitter release, particularly inhibiting presynaptic calcium channels and reducing glutamate release, thereby stabilizing neuronal activity and preventing seizure propagation. Levetiracetam-d6 has the same binding target as the parent drug.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, levetiracetam (non-deuterated) binds to the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A with an IC50 of 1.99 microM. The deuterated form, levetiracetam-d6, is expected to have similar binding affinity to SV2A as the parent compound, as the deuterium substitution on the pyrrolidone ring does not significantly alter the interaction with the protein binding site. Levetiracetam-d6 is not used for pharmacological activity studies but as an analytical internal standard. The parent compound demonstrates neuroprotective and anticonvulsant effects in vitro.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, levetiracetam (non-deuterated) suppresses seizures in animal models, including the fully kindled rat seizure model. Levetiracetam-d6 is not administered therapeutically in vivo; it is used as an internal standard for bioanalysis of levetiracetam concentrations in plasma, brain, and other biological matrices from treated animals or human subjects. When used in regulated bioanalysis, the deuterated standard corrects for extraction efficiency, matrix effects, and ion suppression/enhancement in LC-MS/MS quantification.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Cell-free SV2A binding assays: Recombinant SV2A protein (or synaptic vesicle preparations from rat brain) is incubated with varying concentrations of levetiracetam and radiolabeled [3H]-levetiracetam in binding buffer. After incubation, bound radioligand is separated by filtration through GF/B filters, and radioactivity is counted by scintillation. Levetiracetam-d6 can be used in displacement experiments to compare binding affinity, but its primary use is as an internal standard in LC-MS/MS analysis of samples from binding assays.
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| Cell Assay |
Cell-based assays for levetiracetam: Primary neuronal cultures or brain slices are treated with levetiracetam (1-100 microM) and then subjected to seizure-like activity induced by chemical convulsants (e.g., 4-aminopyridine, kainic acid, or bicuculline). The effect of levetiracetam on neuronal firing frequency, synchronization, or calcium influx is measured by electrophysiology or calcium imaging. Levetiracetam-d6 is not used as a treatment in these assays; it is used for analytical quantification of drug concentrations in culture media or cell lysates.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo pharmacokinetic study protocol: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (or other species) are administered levetiracetam via oral gavage or intravenous injection (typical dose: 10-100 mg/kg). Blood samples are collected at serial time points (e.g., 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 hours). Plasma is separated by centrifugation. A known amount of levetiracetam-d6 is added to each sample as an internal standard. Samples are extracted (e.g., by protein precipitation with acetonitrile) and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Calibration curves are prepared using non-deuterated levetiracetam in blank plasma, and concentrations are determined by peak area ratios.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Levetiracetam-d6 has the same pharmacokinetic properties as non-deuterated levetiracetam for analytical purposes, as the deuterium label does not significantly alter absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion relative to the parent compound (though kinetic isotope effects may slightly alter metabolic stability in some cases). Levetiracetam itself has high oral bioavailability (approximately 100%), linear pharmacokinetics, minimal plasma protein binding (<10%), and is excreted primarily unchanged in urine (approximately 66% of dose). The half-life in humans is approximately 6-8 hours.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Levetiracetam-d6 is used at trace levels (typically ng/mL to microg/mL range) as an internal standard in LC-MS/MS bioanalysis and is not administered to animals or humans at pharmacologically relevant doses. Therefore, toxicity studies are not performed on the deuterated standard. The parent compound levetiracetam has a well-established safety profile and is generally well tolerated. Common adverse effects include somnolence, asthenia, dizziness, and behavioral changes. Serious adverse effects include psychotic symptoms and suicidal ideation (rare). No specific toxicity information is available for levetiracetam-d6.
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| References |
[1]. Nikolaou P, et, al. Development and validation of a GC/MS method for the simultaneous determination of levetiracetam and lamotrigine in whole blood. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2015 Jan;102:25-32.
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| Additional Infomation |
Levetiracetam-d6 is not a drug for clinical use; it is a stable isotope-labeled internal standard for research and quality control purposes. Levetiracetam (non-deuterated) is an antiepileptic drug (brand name Keppra) approved by the FDA and other regulatory agencies for the treatment of partial-onset seizures, myoclonic seizures, and primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures in adults and children. The deuterated version is used for method development, method validation, and quality control applications for drug monitoring. It has a molecular weight of 176.25 g/mol and formula C8H8D6N2O2.
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| Molecular Formula |
C8H8D6N2O2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
176.25
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| Exact Mass |
176.143
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| CAS # |
1133229-30-7
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| PubChem CID |
25231140
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| Appearance |
Off-white to light yellow solid powder
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| LogP |
0.96
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
2
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
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| Heavy Atom Count |
12
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| Complexity |
203
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
CCC(C(O)=N)N1C([2H])([2H])C([2H])([2H])C([2H])([2H])C1=O
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| InChi Key |
HPHUVLMMVZITSG-QXMLZOKMSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C8H14N2O2/c1-2-6(8(9)12)10-5-3-4-7(10)11/h6H,2-5H2,1H3,(H2,9,12)/t6-/m0/s1/i3D2,4D2,5D2
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| Chemical Name |
(2S)-2-(2,2,3,3,4,4-hexadeuterio-5-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)butanamide
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.6738 mL | 28.3688 mL | 56.7376 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.1348 mL | 5.6738 mL | 11.3475 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5674 mL | 2.8369 mL | 5.6738 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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