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| 5mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Arjunetin targets dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV), an enzyme involved in glucose metabolism and incretin hormone regulation. By inhibiting DPP-IV, Arjunetin increases the levels of active incretin hormones (GLP-1 and GIP), which enhance insulin secretion and improve glycemic control. The compound also exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities through modulation of cellular redox balance and inflammatory pathways. Its cardioprotective effects are mediated through these mechanisms in the context of diabetes.
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| ln Vitro |
Arjunetin's GI50 and feeding-inhibition (FD50) values are 188.5 and 287.1 μg/g food, respectively, indicating its growth-inhibitory and feeding-deterrent characteristics[1].
In vitro, Arjunetin demonstrates significant inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) enzyme. The compound's DPP-IV inhibitory activity has been characterized in enzymatic assays, showing concentration-dependent inhibition. Arjunetin also exhibits antioxidant activity, as measured by its ability to scavenge free radicals. Its anti-inflammatory properties have been demonstrated in cellular assays where it reduces the production of inflammatory mediators. The compound's activity is dose-dependent. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, Arjunetin has been studied for its cardioprotective effects in the setting of diabetes. The compound's DPP-IV inhibitory activity translates into significant cardioprotective effects in diabetic animal models. Arjunetin improves glycemic control, reduces oxidative stress, and protects against diabetes-induced cardiovascular damage. Its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties contribute to its overall therapeutic effects. However, detailed in vivo data are limited.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Non-cell-based assays for Arjunetin include DPP-IV enzyme inhibition assays. Recombinant DPP-IV enzyme is incubated with Arjunetin at various concentrations, and enzyme activity is measured using a fluorogenic or chromogenic substrate. IC₅₀ values are calculated from dose-response curves. Antioxidant activity is assessed by DPPH radical scavenging assays or ORAC assays. The compound's structure is confirmed by NMR and MS. Purity is determined by HPLC.
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| Cell Assay |
Cellular assays for Arjunetin are performed using various cell lines including pancreatic beta cells, immune cells, and cardiovascular cells. Cells are treated with Arjunetin at various concentrations, and cellular responses are measured. Cell viability is measured by MTT assays. Anti-inflammatory activity is evaluated by measuring pro-inflammatory cytokine production and NF-κB activation. Antioxidant activity is assessed by measuring intracellular ROS levels and glutathione levels. DPP-IV activity in cell lysates may also be measured.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo experiments with Arjunetin are conducted in animal models of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Diabetic rodents are treated with Arjunetin via oral administration. Blood glucose levels, insulin secretion, and glycemic control are monitored. Cardioprotective effects are assessed by measuring cardiac function, oxidative stress markers, and inflammatory markers in cardiac tissues. Histological analysis of cardiac tissues is performed to evaluate protection against diabetes-induced damage.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of Arjunetin have not been extensively characterized. As a triterpenoid saponin with a molecular weight of 650.84, the compound is expected to have moderate oral bioavailability. Its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion are not well-defined. The compound's stability in biological matrices and its metabolic fate are areas of ongoing research. Comprehensive PK studies are needed to support further development.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicity profile of Arjunetin has not been comprehensively evaluated. As a natural product from Terminalia arjuna, which has a long history of safe use in Ayurvedic medicine, the compound is generally considered to have low toxicity. However, comprehensive toxicological studies including genotoxicity, organ toxicity, and maximum tolerated dose have not been fully characterized. The compound is for research use only and is not intended for human consumption.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Arjunetin has been reported to be present in Potentilla erecta, Terminalia alata, and other organisms with relevant data. RN refers to the (2α,3β,19α)-isomer; it exhibits antifeedant, growth-inhibiting, and oviposition-inhibiting activities against Spilartia obliqua; its structure is described in the first article.
Arjunetin (CAS# 31297-79-7) is a natural triterpenoid saponin with the molecular formula C₃₆H₅₈O₁₀ and a molecular weight of 650.84. It is also known as 24-Deoxysericoside and (2α,3β,19α)-2,3,19-Trihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid β-D-glucopyranosyl ester. Arjunetin is extracted from the bark of Terminalia arjuna and demonstrates significant inhibition of DPP-IV enzyme, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and cardioprotective effects in diabetes. As of current knowledge, Arjunetin is not approved as a therapeutic agent. |
| Molecular Formula |
C36H58O10
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| Molecular Weight |
650.84
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| Exact Mass |
650.403
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| Elemental Analysis |
C, 66.44; H, 8.98; O, 24.58
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| CAS # |
31297-79-7
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| PubChem CID |
21152828
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| LogP |
2.435
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
7
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
4
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| Heavy Atom Count |
46
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| Complexity |
1250
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
15
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| SMILES |
OC[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](OC([C@@]23CC[C@]4([C@@]5(CCC6C([C@@H]([C@H](C[C@]6(CO)[C@@H]5CC=C4[C@H]2CC(CC3)(C)C)O)O)(C)C)C)C)=O)O1
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| InChi Key |
IGWNEOKIHCAVIU-FZFZDMCWSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C36H58O10/c1-31(2)11-13-35(30(44)46-29-27(42)26(41)25(40)22(17-37)45-29)14-12-33(5)19(20(35)15-31)7-8-24-34(33,6)10-9-23-32(3,4)28(43)21(39)16-36(23,24)18-38/h7,20-29,37-43H,8-18H2,1-6H3/t20-,21+,22-,23?,24-,25-,26+,27-,28-,29+,33-,34-,35+,36-/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] (4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,10S,11S,12aS,14bR)-10,11-dihydroxy-12a-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2,6a,6b,9,9-hexamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylate
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| Synonyms |
Arjunetin
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.5365 mL | 7.6824 mL | 15.3648 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.3073 mL | 1.5365 mL | 3.0730 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1536 mL | 0.7682 mL | 1.5365 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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