| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Oxytocin parallel dimer targets the same receptors as native oxytocin, including the oxytocin receptor (OTR) and the vasopressin receptors (V1a, V1b, V2), due to the conserved structural homology between oxytocin monomers and vasopressin. However, dimerization significantly reduces the binding affinity and biological activity. The dimer exhibits oxytocin-like and vasopressin-like activity, but with reduced potency compared to the native oxytocin monomer. The parallel dimer may also exhibit receptor antagonism or partial agonism at these receptors depending on the specific assay system.
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| ln Vitro |
The dicystine dimers of oxytocin and deaminated oxytocin, whether homogeneous or heterogeneous, have biological activity ranging from 0.2% to 6% of oxytocin [1].
In vitro, the biological activity of oxytocin parallel dimer is significantly reduced compared to native oxytocin. Studies show that the parallel and antiparallel homo- and hetero-bis-cystine dimers of oxytocin and deamino-oxytocin exhibit biological activities ranging from only 0.2% to 6% that of oxytocin. The parallel dimer retains oxytocin- and vasopressin-like activity, but with much lower potency. It is less potent than the native hormone in standard uterotonic or pressor assays, and may act as a weak partial agonist or antagonist in certain cell-based systems. |
| ln Vivo |
Rats respond less acutely to oxytocin dimer (intravenous injection; single dose) than to oxytocin (LD50=43 mg/kg vs. 25 mg/kg) [2].
In vivo, oxytocin parallel dimer exhibits reduced biological activity compared to native oxytocin. The dimer is less toxic than oxytocin, which suggests that dimerization may attenuate the potent effects of the native hormone. The parallel dimer has been shown in animal studies to retain a portion of the biological activity of oxytocin (estimated at 0.2-6%), but the specific effects and potency in various in vivo models (e.g., uterine contraction, milk ejection, vasopressor response) are not fully characterized. No therapeutic applications exist. |
| Enzyme Assay |
Cell-free receptor binding assays for oxytocin dimers can be performed using membrane preparations from cells expressing recombinant oxytocin receptors (e.g., HEK293-OTR). The parallel dimer is incubated with [3H]-oxytocin in binding buffer, and bound radioactivity is counted after filtration. The dimer shows reduced binding affinity compared to oxytocin, consistent with its lower biological activity. Competition binding experiments allow calculation of Ki values relative to native oxytocin.
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| Cell Assay |
Cell-based assays for oxytocin dimers may use cells expressing the oxytocin receptor (e.g., HEK293-OTR). Cells are treated with dimer or native oxytocin (0.1-1000 nM) for 30-60 minutes, and intracellular calcium release is measured using a calcium-sensitive dye (e.g., Fluo-4). The dimer should produce reduced maximal response (lower Emax) and/or lower potency (higher EC50) compared to native oxytocin (typically 0.2-6% activity). These assays help characterize the partial agonistic or antagonistic properties of the dimer.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for oxytocin dimers are not typically performed for quality control purposes. Historical studies may have used standard oxytocin bioassays: anesthetized rats are used to measure uterine contractility or milk ejection pressure in response to intravenous administration of the test compound. Dimers show significantly reduced activity (0.2-6% of oxytocin) in these models, and the compound is less toxic than native oxytocin at equivalent doses. These experiments help establish the safety profile of oxytocin impurities.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic studies of oxytocin parallel dimer are limited. As a peptide dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 2014 Da, it would be expected to have low oral bioavailability and a short plasma half-life due to rapid degradation by peptidases in the gastrointestinal tract and blood. The disulfide bridges may confer some stability compared to linear peptides. The parallel dimer is not intended for therapeutic use, and its PK properties are not a primary research focus.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Oxytocin parallel dimer is less toxic than native oxytocin, as reported in published literature. The reduced toxicity is consistent with its lower biological activity (0.2-6% of oxytocin). Specific toxicological data are not available, but the compound is considered an impurity or degradation product in oxytocin pharmaceutical preparations. For oxytocin itself, toxicity is primarily related to its pharmacological effects (uterine hyperstimulation, hyponatremia, water retention). Dimerization reduces these risks by decreasing receptor activation.
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| References |
[1]. Chen L, et al. Syntheses and biological activities of parallel and antiparallel homo and hetero bis-cystine dimers of oxytocin and deamino-oxytocin. Pept Res. 1996;9(3):114-121.
[2]. Berde B, et al. Some pharmacological properties of oxytocin-dimers (α+ β)[J]. Experientia, 1971, 27: 1304-1305. |
| Additional Infomation |
Oxytocin parallel dimer is not a drug and has no clinical indications. It is a research-grade peptide used as an impurity reference standard for oxytocin analysis, particularly in pharmaceutical quality control, stability studies, and impurity profiling of oxytocin drug products. Oxytocin is a mammalian neurohypophysial hormone used clinically as a vasodilator agent and to induce labor. This dimer is an analytical standard only and is not intended for human use. It is typically stored as a lyophilized powder at -20degC.
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| Molecular Formula |
C86H132N24O24S4
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
2014.37469387054
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| Exact Mass |
2012.872
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| CAS # |
19645-28-4
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| Related CAS # |
Oxytocin parallel dimer TFA
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| PubChem CID |
168008729
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| LogP |
-5.1
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
24
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
30
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
34
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| Heavy Atom Count |
138
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| Complexity |
4000
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
13
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| SMILES |
CC[C@H](C)[C@H]1C(=O)NC(C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)NC(CSSCC(NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)C(NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)C(NC(=O)[C@H](CSSC[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N1)CC2=CC=C(C=C2)O)N)N)CC3=CC=C(C=C3)O)[C@@H](C)CC)CCC(=O)N)CC(=O)N)C(=O)N4CCC[C@H]4C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)NCC(=O)N)C(=O)N5CCC[C@H]5C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)NCC(=O)N)CC(=O)N)CCC(=O)N
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| InChi Key |
QJTGOPRBCPCYLF-CFUAYJSYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C86H132N24O24S4/c1-9-43(7)69-83(131)97-51(23-25-63(89)113)75(123)101-57(33-65(91)115)77(125)105-59(85(133)109-27-11-13-61(109)81(129)103-53(29-41(3)4)73(121)95-35-67(93)117)39-137-138-40-60(86(134)110-28-12-14-62(110)82(130)104-54(30-42(5)6)74(122)96-36-68(94)118)106-78(126)58(34-66(92)116)102-76(124)52(24-26-64(90)114)98-84(132)70(44(8)10-2)108-80(128)56(32-46-17-21-48(112)22-18-46)100-72(120)50(88)38-136-135-37-49(87)71(119)99-55(79(127)107-69)31-45-15-19-47(111)20-16-45/h15-22,41-44,49-62,69-70,111-112H,9-14,23-40,87-88H2,1-8H3,(H2,89,113)(H2,90,114)(H2,91,115)(H2,92,116)(H2,93,117)(H2,94,118)(H,95,121)(H,96,122)(H,97,131)(H,98,132)(H,99,119)(H,100,120)(H,101,123)(H,102,124)(H,103,129)(H,104,130)(H,105,125)(H,106,126)(H,107,127)(H,108,128)/t43-,44-,49-,50-,51?,52?,53-,54-,55-,56?,57-,58-,59?,60?,61-,62-,69-,70-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2S)-N-[(2S)-1-[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]-1-[(7S,13S,19R,24R,27S,30S,36S)-19,24-diamino-7,36-bis(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-39-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]carbamoyl]pyrrolidine-1-carbonyl]-10,33-bis(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-13,30-bis[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-16,27-bis[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-6,9,12,15,18,25,28,31,34,37-decaoxo-1,2,21,22-tetrathia-5,8,11,14,17,26,29,32,35,38-decazacyclotetracontane-4-carbonyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 0.4964 mL | 2.4822 mL | 4.9643 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.0993 mL | 0.4964 mL | 0.9929 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.0496 mL | 0.2482 mL | 0.4964 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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