| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Ethoxyquin dimer functions as an antioxidant through free radical scavenging and termination of lipid peroxidation chains. As a metabolite of ethoxyquin, it shares similar chemical properties but exhibits different tissue distribution and toxicity profiles. The compound's ability to accumulate in liver and adipose tissue suggests potential targets in these organs. Its mechanism of action involves prevention of oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, protecting lipids from oxidative damage. The dimer form is one of the major oxidation products of ethoxyquin.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, Ethoxyquin dimer demonstrates antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and terminating lipid peroxidation chains. It prevents oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. As an ethoxyquin metabolite, it retains antioxidant properties similar to the parent compound. However, the dimer form differs in its physicochemical properties and biological effects compared to ethoxyquin. Detailed in vitro activity data including IC₅₀ values are not extensively published in the available literature.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, Ethoxyquin dimer exhibits different tissue distribution compared to ethoxyquin, accumulating more readily in liver and adipose tissue. Dietary administration of ethoxyquin dimer (0.1% and 0.5% w/w) induces microvesicular steatosis and hepatocyte necrosis. The compound shows hepatotoxicity in mice at doses above 10 mg/kg. These findings indicate that the dimer metabolite may contribute to the toxicological effects associated with ethoxyquin exposure, particularly in the liver.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro assays for Ethoxyquin dimer typically involve antioxidant activity measurement using DPPH or ABTS radical scavenging assays. Lipid peroxidation inhibition can be assessed using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay or by measuring conjugated diene formation in lipid systems. The compound's purity is confirmed by HPLC. Analytical methods such as GC or LC-MS are used for quantification of ethoxyquin dimer in biological samples.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cellular assays for Ethoxyquin dimer typically involve evaluation of cytotoxicity in liver cell lines given its hepatotoxic effects. Cells are treated with varying concentrations of the compound and cell viability is assessed using MTT or similar assays. Oxidative stress markers such as reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation products, and antioxidant enzyme activities can be measured. The compound's effects on cellular lipid metabolism may be evaluated in hepatocyte cultures.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments for Ethoxyquin dimer have been conducted in mice and rats. Dietary administration of ethoxyquin dimer (0.1% and 0.5% w/w) in rodents induces microvesicular steatosis and hepatocyte necrosis. The compound shows hepatotoxicity in mice at doses above 10 mg/kg. Endpoints include liver histopathology, serum liver enzyme levels (ALT, AST), and assessment of hepatic lipid accumulation. Tissue distribution studies show accumulation in liver and adipose tissue.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of Ethoxyquin dimer differ from those of ethoxyquin. The compound has a molecular weight of 432.6 g/mol and molecular formula C₂₈H₃₆N₂O₂. It can more readily accumulate in liver and adipose tissue compared with ethoxyquin. The compound has a boiling point of 585.7±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg and vapor pressure of 0.0±1.6 mmHg at 25°C. It appears as a solid and is expected to be lipophilic with extensive tissue distribution.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Ethoxyquin dimer exhibits hepatotoxicity as a significant toxicological concern. Dietary administration of ethoxyquin dimer (0.1% and 0.5% w/w) induces microvesicular steatosis and hepatocyte necrosis. The compound shows hepatotoxicity in mice at doses above 10 mg/kg. Its ability to accumulate in liver and adipose tissue suggests potential for chronic toxicity with repeated exposure. The compound is a metabolite of ethoxyquin and may contribute to the toxicological effects of ethoxyquin exposure.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Ethoxyquin dimer (CAS# 74681-77-9, molecular formula C₂₈H₃₆N₂O₂, molecular weight 432.6) is a dimeric oxidative coupling product and principal metabolite of the synthetic antioxidant ethoxyquin. It prevents oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and accumulates in liver and adipose tissue. It induces hepatotoxicity in mice above 10 mg/kg. No clinical trials or regulatory approvals have been identified. Purity: ≥98%.
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| Molecular Formula |
C28H36N2O2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
432.59764
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| Exact Mass |
432.278
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| CAS # |
74681-77-9
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| PubChem CID |
15151334
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
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| Density |
1.043g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
585.739ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
95-96ºC
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| Flash Point |
308.044ºC
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| Index of Refraction |
1.549
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| LogP |
7.628
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
5
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| Heavy Atom Count |
32
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| Complexity |
740
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
CCOc1ccc2c(c1)C(=CC(N2c3cc(cc4c3NC(C=C4C)(C)C)OCC)(C)C)C
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| InChi Key |
JPCXDKKEKXRNAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C28H36N2O2/c1-9-31-20-11-12-24-22(13-20)19(4)17-28(7,8)30(24)25-15-21(32-10-2)14-23-18(3)16-27(5,6)29-26(23)25/h11-17,29H,9-10H2,1-8H3
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| Chemical Name |
6-ethoxy-1-(6-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1H-quinolin-8-yl)-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.3116 mL | 11.5580 mL | 23.1160 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4623 mL | 2.3116 mL | 4.6232 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2312 mL | 1.1558 mL | 2.3116 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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