Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Camphor is rapidly absorbed through the mucous membranes and gastrointestinal tract, reaching peak plasma concentrations within 5 to 90 minutes after oral administration. Camphor is excreted via the kidneys. The volume of distribution of camphor is 2 to 4 L/kg. Camphor and its metabolites are relatively lipid-soluble and may accumulate in adipose tissue and other tissues. Camphor ingested by the mother is found in amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood, fetal blood, and in the fetal brain, liver, and kidneys. Pharmacokinetic data are currently unavailable. Metabolism/Metabolites (S)-camphor is rapidly oxidized to 5-exo-hydroxyfenone, a process primarily mediated by human liver microsomal cytochrome P450. CYP2A6 is the main enzyme involved in the hydroxylation of (-)-camphor by human liver microsomes. Biological Half-Life After oral administration of 200 mg camphor, the half-life is 167 minutes.

Protein Binding

No pharmacokinetic data available.

[1]. Manjarrez A, Medina F. The analysis of the volatile oils of the leaves of Artemisia mexicana and Artemisia klotzchiana. Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 1964, 42(9): 2085-2088.

L-camphor is a colorless or white crystal. It has a strong aromatic odor, a slightly bitter taste, and a cooling sensation. Odor index at 68°F (20°C): 40. Flash point: 149°F (65°C). It burns with a bright flame and produces smoke. It sublimates significantly at room temperature and pressure; at 176°F (80°C) and 12 mmHg, 14% sublimates within 60 minutes. (NTP, 1992)
(S)-camphor is the S-enantiomer of camphor. It is the enantiomer of (R)-camphor.
(S)-camphor, or L(-)-camphor, is a stereoisomer of [DB01744], a bicyclic monoterpene known to enhance the sensation of heat and cold. (S)-Camphor is not a naturally occurring stereoisomer, but it has similar affinity for TRPV channels and current-inhibiting effects. [DB01744] is isolated from the wood of the camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora) and has a long history of medicinal use. It has been used as a nasal decongestant and cough suppressant, and is also used topically due to its antipruritic, analgesic, and anti-irritant properties. Camphor is the main active ingredient in many over-the-counter ointments and liniments, and as a topical analgesic, it relieves mild muscle and joint pain by inducing sensitivity to hot and cold. (-)-Camphor has been reported to be found in sage, camphor thyme, and several other organisms with relevant data. Pharmacological Indications: Suitable for the temporary relief of mild muscle and joint pain as a topical analgesic. Mechanism of Action: TRPV3 cation channels are molecular sensors that function in nociception and temperature sensation by inducing thermal sensation and thermo-induced hyperalgesia. Camphor interacts with TRPV3 channels via cysteine residues in the pore region, leading to channel activation and increased intracellular calcium levels. Camphor also activates TRPV1 and TRPV1-like currents in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, but inhibits the ankyrin repeat TRP1 (TRPA1) channel, which is responsible for temperature sensing, expressed in most nociceptive DRG neurons. The exact mechanism by which TRPA1 current inhibition contributes to the analgesic effect of camphor is unclear. Repetitive stimulation of camphor leads to sensitization of TRPV1 and TRPV3 channels, resulting in channel desensitization or reduced response, which may explain the analgesic effect of camphor. Camphor also activates the cold-sensitive transient receptor potential melanin-inhibin 8 (TRPM8) and enhances cold-induced calcium transients, explaining the cooling effect after transdermal administration of camphor. Furthermore, studies have shown that camphor can inhibit the response of menthol to TRPM8 receptors.

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Pharmacodynamics
Topical application of camphor produces a warming sensation, thereby exerting an analgesic effect.
It excites and desensitizes sensory nerves by activating thermosensitive TRP vanillic acid receptor type 1 (TRPV1) and TRPV3 receptors. (S)-camphor has been reported to have a weaker effect on TRPV1 channels, which is thought to be due to rapid tolerance, i.e., a diminished response to repeated stimulation.

C10H16O

152.24

152.12

464-48-2

444294

Typically exists as solid at room temperature

1.0±0.1 g/cm3

207.4±0.0 °C at 760 mmHg

345 °F (NIOSH, 2024); 174-179 °C; 180 °C; 345 °F; 345 °F

64.4±0.0 °C

0.2±0.4 mmHg at 25°C

1.485

2.13

0

1

0

11

217

2

O=C1C([H])([H])C2([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C1(C([H])([H])[H])C2(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H]

DSSYKIVIOFKYAU-OIBJUYFYSA-N

InChI=1S/C10H16O/c1-9(2)7-4-5-10(9,3)8(11)6-7/h7H,4-6H2,1-3H3/t7-,10+/m0/s1

(1S,4S)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)