| Size | Price | |
|---|---|---|
| Other Sizes |
Purity: ≥180
| Targets |
Anti-oxidant
|
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
Gum arabic (GA) is a branched-chain, complex polysaccharide, either neutral or slightly acidic, found as a mixed calcium, magnesium and potassium salt of a polysaccharidic acid. The backbone is composed of 1,3-linked beta-D-galactopyranosyl units. The side chains are composed of two to five 1,3-linked beta-D-galactopyranosyl units, joined to the main chain by 1,6-linkages[2].
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| ln Vivo |
Ingested orally, arabic gum is non-toxic. It is used extensively in pharmaceutical preparations and in most categories of processed foods, to as high as 45% in candy products. In folk medicine, arabic gum is used internally in inflammation of intestinal mucosa, and externally to cover inflamed surfaces. It has been reported that arabic gum has nitric oxide scavenging properties. Moreover, arabic gum was found to block the hepatic macrophage function. Since, nitric oxide and hepatic macrophages are important mediators of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. The present study was undertaken to test whether oral administration of arabic gum could protect mice from acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity.[1]
Pharmacologically, GA has been claimed to act as an anti-oxidant, and to protect against experimental hepatic-, renal- and cardiac toxicities in rats. These reports could not be confirmed by others. GA has been claimed to alleviate the adverse effects of chronic renal failure in humans. This could not be corroborated experimentally in rats. Reports on the effects of GA on lipid metabolism in humans and rats are at variance, but mostly suggest that GA ingestion can reduce plasma cholesterol concentrations in rats. GA has proabsorptive properties and can be used in diarrhoea. It enhances dental remineralization, and has some antimicrobial activity, suggesting a possible use in dentistry. GA has been shown to have an adverse effect on electrolyte balance and vitamin D in mice, and to cause hypersensitivity in humans. More studies are needed before the pharmacological properties of GA can be utilized in therapy [2]. |
| Animal Protocol |
Overdose of acetaminophen, a widely used analgesic drug, can result in severe hepatotoxicity and is often fatal. This study was undertaken to examine the effects of arabic gum (AG), which is commonly used in processed foods, on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Mice were given arabic gum orally (100 g l−1) 5 days before a hepatotoxic dose of acetaminophen (500 mg kg−1) intraperitoneally. Arabic gum administration dramatically reduced acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity as evidenced by reduced serum alanine (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities. Acetaminophen-induced hepatic lipid peroxidation was reduced significantly by arabic gum pretreatment. The protection offered by arabic gum does not appear to be caused by a decrease in the formation of toxic acetaminophen metabolites, which consumes glutathione, because arabic gum did not alter acetaminophen-induced hepatic glutathione depletion. Acetaminophen increased nitric oxide synthesis as measured by serum nitrate plus nitrite at 4 and 6 h after administration and arabic gum pretreatment significantly reduced their formation. In conclusion, arabic gum is effective in protecting mice against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. This protection may involve the reduction of oxidative stress[1].
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Gum arabic is a white powder. (NTP, 1992)
Powdered exudate from various Acacia species, especially A. senegal (Leguminosae). It forms mucilage or syrup in water. Gum arabic is used as a suspending agent, excipient, and emulsifier in foods and pharmaceuticals. See also: Acacia (annotation moved to). |
| Molecular Formula |
200-300
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
464.376307487488
|
| Exact Mass |
180.281
|
| CAS # |
9000-01-5
|
| PubChem CID |
91333377
|
| Appearance |
Off-white to light yellow solid powder
|
| Density |
1.35
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
0
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
0
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
12
|
| Complexity |
0
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
| InChi Key |
GPOWYVZNNHYPBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/6C2H6/c6*1-2/h6*1-2H3
|
| Chemical Name |
ethane
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to light (protection from light). |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ≥ 50 mg/mL
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.1534 mL | 10.7670 mL | 21.5341 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4307 mL | 2.1534 mL | 4.3068 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2153 mL | 1.0767 mL | 2.1534 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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