One component of the buffer that can be employed to get rid of peripheral membrane proteins is sodium carbonate.

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Sodium ingested through contact with sodium carbonate is far less than that ingested through food. Therefore, sodium carbonate is not expected to be systematically distributed in the body. Furthermore, orally ingested sodium carbonate is neutralized in the stomach by gastric acid. It is filtered and reabsorbed by the kidneys; less than 1% of the filtered bicarbonate is excreted. Distribution occurs naturally and is limited to systemic circulation. The primary extracellular buffering system in vertebrate blood and tissue fluid is the bicarbonate buffering system… Carbon dioxide in tissues rapidly diffuses into erythrocytes and combines with water within the erythrocytes to form carbonic acid. Carbonic anhydrase (an enzyme present in high concentrations in erythrocytes) accelerates this reaction. The generated carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions. Most of the bicarbonate ions diffuse into the plasma. Since the ratio of H₂CO₃ to dissolved CO₂ remains constant under equilibrium conditions, pH can be expressed using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation with bicarbonate ion concentration and CO₂ partial pressure: pH = pK + log [HCO₃⁻]/aPCO₂. The normal pH of human plasma is 7.40. Irreversible damage may occur if the pH falls below 7.0 or rises above 7.8. Compensatory mechanisms for acid-base imbalances restore blood pH to normal by altering the HCO₃⁻ to PCO₂ ratio. …Sodium ingested through exposure to sodium carbonate is far less than sodium ingested through food. Therefore, systemic release of sodium carbonate from the body is not expected. Furthermore…orally ingested sodium carbonate is neutralized by gastric acid in the stomach.

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Metabolism/Metabolites
None.

Toxicity Summary
Identification and Uses: Sodium carbonate is a grayish-white, lumpy powder with a sodium carbonate content of up to 99%. It is used in the production of glass, soaps, detergents, and other chemicals, as well as in the metal and mining industries and the pulp and paper industry. Sodium carbonate is used not only industrially but also in consumer products. It can be used directly in sodium carbonate solutions for soaking clothes, washing dishes, cleaning floors, and degreasing. It is also present in many consumer products such as cosmetics, soaps, scouring powders, soaking powders, and laundry detergents. Sodium carbonate is also a food additive. Human Studies: Sodium carbonate aqueous solutions are strongly alkaline, and concentrated solutions can easily cause localized necrosis of mucous membranes. A 50% (w/v) sodium carbonate aqueous solution was applied to intact and abraded skin on volunteers. The test sites were examined at 4, 24, and 48 hours, and erythema, edema, and corrosion were assessed. The solution did not cause erythema or edema. Tissue damage occurred at the abrasion sites on human skin. Large ingestions may lead to gastrointestinal corrosion, vomiting, diarrhea, circulatory failure, and even death. Sodium carbonate dust or vapor can irritate mucous membranes, causing coughing and difficulty breathing. At concentrations below 15%, it is a major irritant; at concentrations above approximately 15%, it is corrosive, depending on the duration of exposure, area of exposure, and other factors. Animal studies: A 50% (w/v) aqueous solution of sodium carbonate was applied to intact and abraded skin of rabbits and guinea pigs. The test sites were examined at 4, 24, and 48 hours, and erythema, edema, and corrosion were assessed. The solution did not induce erythema or edema. Tissue destruction occurred at the abrasion sites in rabbits. A systematic study showed that applying dried sodium carbonate powder (mixed with dried sodium sulfate at concentrations of 25% to 75%) to the eyes of rabbits and monkeys, regardless of whether rinsing was performed within two minutes of application, was considered "corrosive" or "harmful" to both species. However, most monkey eyes exposed to the 50% mixture showed little or no persistent damage 21 days after exposure. A repeated-dose inhalation study was conducted in male rats, who inhaled a 2% sodium carbonate aqueous solution aerosol for 4 hours daily, 5 days a week, for 3.5 months. Decreased ascorbic acid levels in the lungs were observed. Lung abnormalities were observed in both the control and experimental groups, but only the experimental group showed bronchiolar epithelial hyperplasia and shedding, as well as perivascular edema. Other lung changes included alveolar wall thickening, congestion, and lymphocytic infiltration, but these changes were also observed in approximately 50% of the control group. Pregnant mice were administered 3.4 to 340 mg/kg body weight of sodium carbonate aqueous solution orally via intubation daily from days 6 to 15 of gestation. No adverse reactions were observed with the test substance. Similar negative results were reported in rats and rabbits at daily doses of 2.45–245 mg/kg body weight and 1.79–179 mg/kg body weight, respectively. In vitro bacterial mutagenicity tests were negative. Ecotoxicity studies: Except for days 3 and 10, 10 mg/L sodium carbonate reduced oxygen consumption in Caspian shrimp throughout the observation period, although oxygen consumption was higher on days 3 and 10 than in the control group. 100 mg/L sodium carbonate resulted in higher oxygen consumption in the first 5 days, which then gradually decreased. Sodium carbonate is naturally present in soil and water; therefore, the release of low concentrations is not expected to have adverse effects on wildlife or water resources.

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Toxicity Data
LC50 (Rat) = 2,300 mg/m3/2hr

Non-human Toxicity Values
LD50 (Rat, Oral) 2.8 g/kg

LD50 (Rat, Oral) 4090 mg/kg

LC50 (Rat, Inhalation) 2300 mg/cu m3/2hr

LD50 (Rat (Wistar), Oral (Gavage)) 2800 mg/kg body weight/Sodium Carbonate Monohydrate/
For more complete non-human toxicity data (out of 10), please visit the HSDB records page.

[1]. Anhydrous sodium carbonate as a standard of reference in acidimetry. Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed. 1937, 9, 3, 141–142.

Sodium carbonate is an organic sodium salt and carbonate. Sodium carbonate is the disodium salt of carbonic acid and is alkaline. When sodium carbonate dissolves in water, it produces carbonic acid and sodium hydroxide. Sodium hydroxide is a strong base that can neutralize stomach acid, thus acting as an antacid. Sodium carbonate is the disodium salt of carbonic acid and is alkaline. When sodium carbonate dissolves in water, it produces carbonic acid and sodium hydroxide. Sodium hydroxide is a strong base that can neutralize stomach acid, thus acting as an antacid. Soda water is a beverage composed of carbonated water and flavorings. See also: carbonate ion (with active moiety); citric acid; magnesium oxide; sodium carbonate (ingredient); sodium carbonate; sulfur; tellurium (ingredient)...see more...

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Drug Indications
Topical treatment of dermatitis, used as a mouthwash, vaginal douche; Veterinary use: emergency emetic. Occasionally used topically to treat dermatitis, in lotion form. Drug (Veterinary): Dissolved in solution for cleaning skin, treating eczema, softening crusts.

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Mechanism of Action
Carbon dioxide in the tissue rapidly diffuses into red blood cells and combines with water within the cells to form carbonic acid. Carbonic anhydrase (an enzyme present in high concentrations in red blood cells) accelerates this reaction. The generated carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions. Most of the bicarbonate ions diffuse into the plasma. Since the ratio of H2CO3 to dissolved CO2 is constant under equilibrium conditions, the pH value can be expressed by the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation using the bicarbonate ion concentration and CO2 partial pressure: pH = pk + log [HCO3-]/aPCO2

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Therapeutic Uses
Topical use for treating dermatitis, mouthwash, vaginal irrigation; used in veterinary medicine as an emergency emetic.
Sometimes, it can be used topically as a lotion to treat dermatitis.
Medication (veterinary): Formerly used as an emetic. The solution can be used to cleanse the skin, treat eczema, and soften scabs.
Sodium bicarbonate infusion is widely recommended for… patients with tricyclic antidepressant poisoning. Cardiac conduction disorders can also be treated or prevented with this infusion. To investigate the scientific basis for these recommendations, we searched the Medline database for clinical research literature supporting the use of sodium bicarbonate; a total of 111 articles were screened. Observational studies and case reports indicate rapid improvement in symptoms of hypotension and arrhythmia after sodium bicarbonate administration. Results from animal studies are controversial; it is unclear whether alkalization or additional sodium supplementation caused this effect. No randomized controlled trials in patients have been conducted. Given the low toxicity of sodium bicarbonate and its seemingly high potential benefits, the authors recommend its use despite the lack of scientific evidence. Based on the existing literature, no recommendations can be made regarding dosage, concentration, and duration of treatment. For more complete data on the therapeutic uses of sodium bicarbonate (8 types), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Pharmacodynamics
Alkali buffering effect: Sodium bicarbonate is an alkalizing agent that dissociates to form bicarbonate ions. Excessive bicarbonate ions (more than required to buffer hydrogen ions) can lead to systemic alkalization and, when excreted, also alkalize urine. Oral antacid effect: Oral sodium bicarbonate can neutralize stomach acid through the above mechanism.

NA2CO3

105.99

105.964

497-19-8

144-55-8 (Parent)

10340

Grayish-white powder or lumps containing up to 99% sodium carbonate
White hygroscopic powder
White ... small crystals or monoclinic powder

2.53

1600°C

851 °C(lit.)

169.8ºC

1.535

0

3

0

6

18.8

0

[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)[O-]

CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L

InChI=1S/CH2O3.2Na/c2-1(3)4;;/h(H2,2,3,4);;/q;2*+1/p-2

disodium;carbonate

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)