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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
The compound is a substrate for the enzyme glyoxalase 2 (GLO2), also known as hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase. It also interacts with the glyoxalase 1 enzyme as a product. Its biological role is in the detoxification of methylglyoxal, a toxic byproduct of glycolysis.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, S-Lactoylglutathione is used as a direct substrate to measure glyoxalase 2 activity. It is hydrolyzed by GLO2 to form reduced glutathione and D-lactate. It can also act as a weak inhibitor of some glutathione S-transferases.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, elevated levels of S-Lactoylglutathione are associated with hyperglycemia and diabetes. Administration of the compound in animal models may affect cellular redox state and has been studied for its potential role in modulating advanced glycation end-product (AGE) formation.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Standard protocol: Glyoxalase 2 activity is measured using S-Lactoylglutathione as substrate. The reaction mixture contains the compound, Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.5), and the enzyme source. The decrease in absorbance at 240 nm (due to the thiol ester bond) is monitored spectrophotometrically over time.
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| Cell Assay |
Standard cell-based assays: Cells are treated with methylglyoxal to induce intracellular S-Lactoylglutathione formation, or the compound is directly added to cell lysates. Glyoxalase 2 activity is measured by following the production of free thiols using DTNB (Ellman's reagent) at 412 nm.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies typically involve inducing diabetes or administering methylglyoxal to rodents. Plasma or tissue levels of S-Lactoylglutathione are measured by HPLC or LC-MS/MS as a biomarker of glyoxalase pathway activity and oxidative stress.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
As an endogenous metabolite, S-Lactoylglutathione has a short half-life in vivo (minutes) due to rapid hydrolysis by glyoxalase 2 and other esterases. Its concentration is normally low (nM to low microM range) but increases under conditions of high methylglyoxal production, such as hyperglycemia.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
S-Lactoylglutathione is generally non-toxic as it is a normal metabolic intermediate. However, accumulation may contribute to cellular stress and is associated with diabetic complications. Direct administration at high doses could perturb glutathione homeostasis and redox balance.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
This compound is a research biochemical used primarily as a substrate or standard for studying the glyoxalase system. It has no therapeutic use or clinical approval. It is available as a reference material for metabolic studies, particularly in diabetes research.
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| Molecular Formula |
C13H21N3O8S
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
379.386142492294
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| Exact Mass |
377.089
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| CAS # |
54398-03-7
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| PubChem CID |
3650194
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.469g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
772.1ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
420.8ºC
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| Index of Refraction |
1.569
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| LogP |
-4.5
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
5
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
10
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
12
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| Heavy Atom Count |
25
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| Complexity |
566
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
CC(=O)C(=O)SC[C@@H](C(=O)NCC(=O)O)NC(=O)CC[C@@H](C(=O)O)N
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| InChi Key |
PPLZFKVEEDKGDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C13H19N3O8S/c1-6(17)13(24)25-5-8(11(21)15-4-10(19)20)16-9(18)3-2-7(14)12(22)23/h7-8H,2-5,14H2,1H3,(H,15,21)(H,16,18)(H,19,20)(H,22,23)
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| Chemical Name |
2-amino-5-[[1-(carboxymethylamino)-1-oxo-3-(2-oxopropanoylsulfanyl)propan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.6358 mL | 13.1791 mL | 26.3581 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.5272 mL | 2.6358 mL | 5.2716 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2636 mL | 1.3179 mL | 2.6358 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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