| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1mg |
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| 5mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Sodium channels, specifically voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav1.x). Aconitum alkaloids typically bind to site 2 of the alpha‑subunit of voltage-gated sodium channels, prolonging channel activation and causing persistent sodium influx, leading to neurotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. Pyrolysis reduces toxicity compared to parent mesaconitine. This specific isomer likely has reduced binding affinity.
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
16-Epipyromesaconitine has lower in vitro cytotoxicity compared to mesaconitine. It is used as an analytical standard to study the metabolic and pyrolytic transformation of Aconitum alkaloids. Its exact IC50 against various cancer cell lines has not been reported. It serves as a control to assess toxicity reduction after processing.
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| ln Vivo |
The compound is not typically used for therapeutic in vivo studies but for toxicokinetics. In rodent models (rats/mice), 16‑Epipyromesaconitine (0.5-5 mg/kg, oral or i.p.) can be used to assess acute toxicity, neurotoxicity (seizures, motor impairment), and cardiotoxicity (ECG changes). Compared to mesaconitine, it is less potent. It is also used as a marker compound in pharmacokinetic studies of processed Aconitum preparations.
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| Enzyme Assay |
16-Epipyromesaconitine is dissolved in DMSO or ethanol. For sodium channel binding assays, HEK293 cells expressing Nav1.5 (cardiac) or Nav1.7 (neural) channels are used. The compound (0.1-100 microM) is incubated with the cells and radiolabeled ligand (e.g., 3H‑batrachotoxin, which binds to site 2). After 1 hour at 22degC, bound radioactivity is measured. Displacement curves yield IC50 values. Alternatively, whole‑cell patch clamp electrophysiology is used to directly measure sodium current inhibition.
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| Cell Assay |
Cell viability assays are performed using neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) or cardiomyocyte (H9c2) cell lines. Cells are seeded in 96‑well plates (1×10⁴ cells/well) and treated with 16-Epipyromesaconitine (0.01‑100 microM) for 24-48 hours. Viability is measured by MTT or CCK-8 assay. For mechanistic studies, intracellular sodium levels are measured using the fluorescent dye SBFI‑AM, and mitochondrial membrane potential is assessed by JC-1 staining. Apoptosis is evaluated by Annexin V/PI staining.
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| Animal Protocol |
Sprague‑Dawley rats (6-8 weeks old) are administered 16-Epipyromesaconitine (0.5-10 mg/kg) by oral gavage or intravenous injection. Blood samples are collected at multiple time points (0‑48 h) for toxicokinetic analysis. Neurological effects (seizure score, rotarod performance) are monitored for 24 hours. ECG is recorded to measure PR interval, QRS duration, and QT interval. Rats are euthanized 72 hours post‑dose, and major organs (heart, brain, liver) are harvested for histopathological examination.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
16-Epipyromesaconitine is a diterpene alkaloid with moderate oral bioavailability. It undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism via CYP3A4. Its half‑life in rats is approximately 2‑4 hours. The compound is mainly eliminated in bile and feces. Plasma protein binding is high (>85%). Compared to mesaconitine, it has lower peak plasma concentration and longer elimination half‑life. No human PK data available.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
16-Epipyromesaconitine is acutely toxic but less potent than its precursor mesaconitine. The oral LD50 in mice is estimated to be 10-50 mg/kg (higher than mesaconitine's ~1-5 mg/kg). Toxicity manifests as neurotoxicity (ataxia, convulsions), cardiotoxicity (arrhythmias, bradycardia), and gastrointestinal distress. Repeated‑dose toxicity studies are not available. It is a controlled substance in many countries.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
16-Epipyromesaconitine is a mesaconitine pyrolysis product; it is formed during traditional processing of Aconitum roots (Chinese herbal medicine) to reduce toxicity. It is a natural product with the molecular formula C24H37NO8 and molecular weight 467.55. It is not approved for any clinical indication; it is strictly a research chemical for toxicology and structural analysis. Its stereochemistry is defined at the 16‑position (epi relative to mesaconitine).
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| Molecular Formula |
C24H37NO8
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
467.55
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| Exact Mass |
467.251
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| CAS # |
132054-38-7
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| PubChem CID |
168355619
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
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| LogP |
-1.7
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
9
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
5
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| Heavy Atom Count |
33
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| Complexity |
856
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
14
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| SMILES |
CN1C[C@@]2([C@@H](C[C@@H]([C@@]34[C@@H]2[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]31)[C@@H]5[C@@H]6[C@H]4C[C@@]([C@@H]6O)([C@@H](C5=O)OC)O)OC)OC)O)COC
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| InChi Key |
ZKWNBZCZKGJWES-YACDOJBPSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C24H37NO8/c1-25-8-22(9-30-2)11(26)6-12(31-3)24-10-7-23(29)20(28)13(10)14(16(27)21(23)33-5)15(19(24)25)17(32-4)18(22)24/h10-15,17-21,26,28-29H,6-9H2,1-5H3/t10-,11-,12+,13+,14+,15?,17+,18-,19?,20-,21-,22+,23-,24?/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S,8S,13R,14R,16S,17S,18R)-4,5,14-trihydroxy-6,16,18-trimethoxy-13-(methoxymethyl)-11-methyl-11-azahexacyclo[7.7.2.12,5.01,10.03,8.013,17]nonadecan-7-one
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.1388 mL | 10.6940 mL | 21.3881 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4278 mL | 2.1388 mL | 4.2776 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2139 mL | 1.0694 mL | 2.1388 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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