![Brilliant Yellow (2,2'-(1,2-ethylenediyl)bis[5-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)azo]benzenesulfonic acid] disodium salt; brilliant yellow; direct yellow 4; 2,2 '-(1,2-Ethylenediyl)bis[5-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)azo]benzenesulfonic acid] disodium salt; brilliant yellow/direct yellow; direct yellow C; brilliant yellow; stilbene -Sodium 2,2'-disulfonate-4,4'bis(1-azo)4-hydroxybenzene)](/upload/1124/V56975.png)
| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 25g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
VGLUT[1]
Brilliant Yellow targets vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT), which are responsible for the packaging of glutamate into synaptic vesicles. It is a potent and specific VGLUT inhibitor. As a membrane-impermeable compound, Brilliant Yellow cannot cross cell membranes and thus acts on the extracellular side of the transporter or on isolated vesicles. Some analogs of Brilliant Yellow have low cytotoxicity and cell permeability and can modulate glutamatergic transmission in hippocampal neurons. |
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, brilliant yellow acts as a potent and selective inhibitor of vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT). It is used as a tool to study glutamatergic neurotransmission and synaptic vesicle function. As a membrane-impermeable compound, it is primarily used in assays with isolated synaptic vesicles or in systems where the transporter is accessible from the extracellular side. Brilliant yellow analogs with improved cell permeability can modulate glutamatergic transmission in hippocampal neurons.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, brilliant yellow is not typically used as a therapeutic agent. Its primary applications are as a research tool for studying VGLUT function and as a dye in various biochemical and analytical applications. Some analogs have been studied for their effects on glutamatergic transmission, but the parent compound is membrane-impermeable and does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier. No specific in vivo pharmacological activity has been reported.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme/receptor binding assays for brilliant yellow typically involve measuring its inhibition of vesicular glutamate transport. Synaptic vesicles or VGLUT-containing proteoliposomes are incubated with brilliant yellow at various concentrations in the presence of radiolabeled glutamate. The amount of glutamate taken up into the vesicles is measured by filtration or centrifugation, and the IC50 for inhibition is calculated. Binding affinity to VGLUT can be assessed using radioligand binding assays with a labeled VGLUT inhibitor.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for brilliant yellow involve culturing neurons or cells expressing VGLUT and treating them with the compound to assess effects on glutamate transport or neurotransmission. Given its membrane impermeability, brilliant yellow is typically used in assays with permeabilized cells or isolated vesicles rather than intact cells. For analogs with cell permeability, standard cell culture protocols are employed, and glutamatergic transmission is assessed by measuring glutamate release or synaptic vesicle uptake. Cytotoxicity is assessed using MTT or LDH release assays.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for brilliant yellow are not typically conducted, as the compound is membrane-impermeable and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Some cell-permeable analogs may be studied in animal models of neurological or psychiatric disorders involving glutamatergic dysfunction. Standard protocols for such studies would involve administration of the compound (oral, intraperitoneal, or intracerebroventricular) and assessment of behavioral, electrophysiological, or neurochemical endpoints. No specific data are available.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic properties of brilliant yellow have not been characterized, as the compound is not intended for in vivo administration. As a highly polar, negatively charged sulfonic acid dye, it is expected to have very poor oral bioavailability and limited tissue distribution. The compound is not expected to cross cell membranes or the blood-brain barrier. No specific PK data are available.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicity profile of brilliant yellow has not been systematically evaluated. As a dye and research compound, it is handled with standard laboratory precautions. The compound may cause skin or eye irritation upon contact. No specific toxicology data are available. Standard toxicity assessments would include acute toxicity, skin and eye irritation, and mutagenicity testing. The compound is for research use only and is not intended for human or veterinary use.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Brilliant Yellow (Direct Yellow 4) is a diazo-containing sulfonic acid dye that serves as a potent and selective inhibitor of vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT). It has the molecular formula C26H18N4Na2O8S2 and a molecular weight of 624.55. The compound is membrane-impermeable and pH-sensitive, appearing yellow at pH 6.4 and red-orange at pH 8.0. It is used as a research tool for studying glutamatergic neurotransmission and as a dye in biochemical assays. Brilliant Yellow is not approved for clinical use.
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| Molecular Formula |
C26H18N4NA2O8S2
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| Molecular Weight |
624.55
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| Exact Mass |
624.036
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| CAS # |
3051-11-4
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| Related CAS # |
91-34-9 (Parent)
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| PubChem CID |
135442944
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| Appearance |
Yellow to orange solid powder
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| Density |
1.5 g/cm3
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| Index of Refraction |
1.691
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| LogP |
8.068
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
12
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
6
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| Heavy Atom Count |
42
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| Complexity |
1000
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
C1=CC(=CC=C1N=NC2=CC(=C(C=C2)/C=C/C3=C(C=C(C=C3)N=NC4=CC=C(C=C4)O)S(=O)(=O)[O-])S(=O)(=O)[O-])O.[Na+].[Na+]
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| InChi Key |
YLDIUICHQPKMNH-ZFEDVODKSA-L
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C26H20N4O8S2.2Na/c31-23-11-7-19(8-12-23)27-29-21-5-3-17(25(15-21)39(33,34)35)1-2-18-4-6-22(16-26(18)40(36,37)38)30-28-20-9-13-24(32)14-10-20;;/h1-16,31-32H,(H,33,34,35)(H,36,37,38);;/q;2*+1/p-2/b2-1+,29-27?,30-28?;;
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| Chemical Name |
disodium;5-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)diazenyl]-2-[(E)-2-[4-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)diazenyl]-2-sulfonatophenyl]ethenyl]benzenesulfonate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.6012 mL | 8.0058 mL | 16.0115 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.3202 mL | 1.6012 mL | 3.2023 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1601 mL | 0.8006 mL | 1.6012 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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