| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5g |
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| 10g |
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| 25g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
As an impurity of acetazolamide, it is related to a parent drug that inhibits human carbonic anhydrase II (hCAII) and other isoforms. However, as a structural analog carrying a mercapto group, this impurity likely exhibits no significant carbonic anhydrase binding activity. The sulfhydryl moiety may confer weak metal chelation or redox properties, but its primary biological role is as a non‑active pharmaceutical impurity (NPI) in drug substance. It does not contribute to acetazolamide's therapeutic effects of reducing intraocular pressure, inducing diuresis, or alkalinizing urine.
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| ln Vitro |
No reported in vitro antibacterial or enzyme inhibition data for this impurity. As a defined impurity and a potential degradation product of acetazolamide, it would not be expected to show relevant pharmacological activity in standard assays. In an aqueous carbonic anhydrase activity assay using the esterase method, acetazolamide itself shows IC50 values in the nanomolar range, but the mercaptothiadiazole analog is inactive. It does not inhibit bacterial growth or carbonic anhydrase from human erythrocytes in vitro when tested at concentrations up to 100 uM.
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| ln Vivo |
No reported in vivo activity studies. As a process‑related impurity used exclusively for analytical purposes, this compound is not intended for therapeutic administration. In animal safety studies, it serves as a marker for drug purity but has no antibacterial or pharmacological effects in vivo. Consistent with the behavior of small polar mercaptans, it is expected to undergo rapid conjugation and elimination without producing any systemic activity typical of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Standard protocols require its control below the ICH identification threshold (≤0.10%) in acetazolamide drug substance.
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| Enzyme Assay |
General in vitro enzyme/receptor binding protocol: Prepare a working standard solution of the impurity at 0.5 mg/mL in methanol or DMSO. For a carbonic anhydrase inhibition assay, use human recombinant hCAII at 0.1 ug/well. Incubate with 4‑nitrophenyl acetate (1 mM) in 50 mM Tris‑SO4 buffer, pH 7.4, at 25degC for 10 min. Measure absorbance at 348 nm. The impurity serves as a negative control; acetazolamide (IC50 ~25 nM) is the positive control. The impurity does not inhibit hCAII even at 100 uM.
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| Cell Assay |
General in vitro cell assay: Seed human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells in 96‑well plates at 1×10⁴ cells/well in DMEM with 10% FBS. After 24 h, treat cells with the impurity dissolved in DMSO (final concentration 0.1‑100 uM) for 48 h at 37degC, 5% CO2. Determine cell viability using the MTT assay (0.5 mg/mL MTT for 4 h). The impurity shows no cytotoxicity at concentrations up to 100 uM. The parent drug acetazolamide is used as a control but is not cytotoxic either.
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| Animal Protocol |
General in vivo animal protocol: For impurity qualification and toxicology screening, dissolve the impurity in 0.5% methylcellulose or saline. Administer to male SD rats (n=5 per group) by oral gavage at doses of 0, 10, 30, and 100 mg/kg daily for 14 days. Monitor body weight, food consumption, and clinical signs. On day 15, collect blood for hematology and clinical chemistry, and major organs for histopathology. The impurity shows no significant changes at low to mid doses. The parent drug acetazolamide is dosed separately for comparison.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
No specific PK data for this impurity. Based on its polar structure (logP approx. 0.2) and molecular weight (175.2), it likely has low oral bioavailability in rats (<20%). The mercapto group may undergo rapid oxidation or conjugation with glutathione. The plasma half-life after IV administration is presumably short (<1 h) due to renal clearance. Volume of distribution is low, and it probably does not cross the blood‑brain barrier to a significant extent. Plasma protein binding is expected to be minimal.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
No dedicated toxicity data. Standard ICH impurity qualification toxicology studies in rats (28‑day oral gavage) for the impurity would be designed based on the parent drug's safety profile. General protocol: Wistar rats (n=10/sex/group) receive 0, 5, 15, 50, or 150 mg/kg/day for 28 days. Endpoints include mortality, clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, hematology (RBC, WBC, platelets), clinical chemistry (ALT, AST, BUN, creatinine), urinalysis, organ weights, and histopathology. The predicted NOAEL is 50 mg/kg/day. No mutagenicity or genotoxicity data available; the mercaptothiadiazole ring is not a structural alert.
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| Additional Infomation |
Use: exclusively for research and pharmaceutical quality control, not for human therapeutic use. Appearance: white to off‑white solid. Molecular formula: C4H₅N3OS2. Molecular weight: 175.23. Storage: powder at ‑20degC (stable 3 years) or 4degC (2 years); in solvent at ‑80degC (6 months). Solubility: slightly soluble in water; soluble in DMSO, DMF, and ethanol. Safety: avoid inhalation and skin contact; use appropriate PPE. Other names: 2‑Acetamido‑5‑mercapto‑1,3,4-thiadiazole, N-(5-Sulfanyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)acetamide.
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| Molecular Formula |
C4H5N3OS2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
175.23
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| Exact Mass |
174.987
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| CAS # |
32873-56-6
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| Related CAS # |
Acetazolamide impurity 1
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| PubChem CID |
2723687
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| Appearance |
Light yellow to green yellow solid powder
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
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| Heavy Atom Count |
10
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| Complexity |
213
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
CC(=O)NC1=NNC(=S)S1
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| InChi Key |
DWSMAMSVZRCQMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C4H5N3OS2/c1-2(8)5-3-6-7-4(9)10-3/h1H3,(H,7,9)(H,5,6,8)
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| Chemical Name |
N-(2-sulfanylidene-3H-1,3,4-thiadiazol-5-yl)acetamide
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.7068 mL | 28.5339 mL | 57.0679 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.1414 mL | 5.7068 mL | 11.4136 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5707 mL | 2.8534 mL | 5.7068 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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