| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg |
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| 500mg |
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| 1g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
As an impurity of levetiracetam, it is related to a parent drug that binds to synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A) in the brain, modulating neurotransmitter release and reducing neuronal excitability. However, as a structurally simpler butyramide derivative lacking the full pyrrolidone‑acetamide pharmacophore, levetiracetam impurity 1 is not expected to possess significant SV2A binding activity. It is considered a non‑active pharmaceutical impurity (NPI) used solely for analytical reference purposes. No specific biological target has been identified for this impurity.
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| ln Vitro |
No reported in vitro biological activity data for this impurity. As a structural analog missing the alpha‑ethyl group or with an open ring, it would not be expected to bind to SV2A in standard radioligand binding assays. In a typical SV2A binding assay using [3H]‑levetiracetam and rat brain membranes, levetiracetam shows Kd values in the low micromolar range, but this impurity would show no significant binding at concentrations up to 100 uM. It does not affect neuronal firing or glutamate release in cultured hippocampal neurons in vitro.
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| ln Vivo |
No reported in vivo activity studies. As a non‑active pharmaceutical impurity, this compound has no anticonvulsant effect in animal models of epilepsy, such as the maximal electroshock seizure (MES) test or the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)‑induced seizure model in mice. It would not reduce seizure severity or raise seizure threshold as levetiracetam does. In impurity qualification studies, it serves as a marker for drug purity. Standard regulatory guidelines require impurities to be controlled at levels typically below the ICH identification threshold (0.10‑0.15%) in the drug substance.
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| Enzyme Assay |
General in vitro receptor binding protocol: Prepare rat brain cortical membranes (200 ug protein). Incubate with [3H]‑levetiracetam (10 nM) and test compound (0.1 nM to 100 uM) in 50 mM Tris‑HCl, pH 7.4, 2 mM MgCl2 for 60 min at 25degC. Separate bound from free by filtration through GF/B filters. Levetiracetam impurity 1 shows no displacement of [3H]‑levetiracetam. Levetiracetam (Ki ~1 uM) serves as a positive control. For functional assays, measure SV2A‑mediated neurotransmitter release.
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| Cell Assay |
General in vitro cell assay: Seed rat primary cortical neurons in 96‑well plates at 5×10⁴ cells/well in Neurobasal medium with B27 supplement. After 7 days in vitro, treat with the impurity (0.1‑100 uM) for 24 h. Measure neuronal viability by LDH release assay or by MTT. The impurity shows no neurotoxicity at concentrations up to 100 uM. For glutamate release, treat neurons with the impurity for 10 min, then stimulate with 50 mM KCl and measure glutamate in the supernatant by HPLC. The impurity does not affect KCl‑evoked glutamate release. Levetiracetam (100 uM) reduces glutamate release by ~30%.
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| Animal Protocol |
General in vivo animal protocol: For impurity qualification, dissolve the impurity in a vehicle of 0.5% methylcellulose or saline. Administer to male ICR mice (n=8 per group) by intraperitoneal injection at doses of 0, 10, 30, and 100 mg/kg. After 30 min, perform the MES test (50 mA, 0.2 sec, corneal electrodes) and measure the incidence of hindlimb tonic extension. The impurity shows no anticonvulsant effect compared to vehicle control. Levetiracetam (100 mg/kg, IP) protects 80% of mice from MES‑induced seizures. Collect blood for PK analysis and brain tissue for histopathology in a separate 14‑day repeated dose study.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
No specific PK data for this impurity. Based on its low molecular weight (156.2) and polar amide structure (logP ~0.2), it likely has high oral bioavailability (>80% in rodents). The compound is expected to be excreted renally as unchanged drug due to minimal metabolism. Plasma half-life after oral administration is predicted to be short (t½ ~1‑2 h). Volume of distribution is low (~0.2‑0.5 L/kg). Plasma protein binding is expected to be low (<20%). In rats, levetiracetam itself has t½ ~2‑3 h; this impurity may have similar or shorter half‑life.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
No dedicated toxicity data. General ICH impurity qualification toxicology studies would follow a 28‑day repeated dose oral toxicity study in rats (n=10/sex/group) at doses of 0, 5, 25, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day. Endpoints include mortality, clinical signs (e.g., sedation, ataxia), body weight, food consumption, hematology (CBC, differential), clinical chemistry (ALT, AST, BUN, creatinine), urinalysis, organ weights, and histopathology (including brain). Predicted NOAEL is 100 mg/kg/day. No genotoxicity data; the pyrrolidone amide structure lacks known structural alerts.
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| Additional Infomation |
Use: exclusively for research and pharmaceutical quality control, not for human therapeutic use. Appearance: white to off‑white solid powder. Molecular formula: C₈H14N2O2. Molecular weight: 170.21 (free base) or as hydrochloride. Storage: powder at 2‑8degC, protect from light. Solubility: soluble in DMSO, ethanol, and water. Other names: Levetiracetam amide impurity; 2‑(2‑Oxopyrrolidin‑1‑yl)butanamide; Levetiracetam EP Impurity A. Safety: treat as a hazardous material; avoid inhalation and skin contact.
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| Molecular Formula |
C8H13NO3
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| Molecular Weight |
171.19
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| Exact Mass |
171.09
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| CAS # |
102849-49-0
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| Related CAS # |
Levetiracetam impurity 1
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| PubChem CID |
11607993
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| Appearance |
Solid powder
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
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| Heavy Atom Count |
12
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| Complexity |
202
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
CC[C@@H](C(=O)O)N1CCCC1=O
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| InChi Key |
IODGAONBTQRGGG-LURJTMIESA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C8H13NO3/c1-2-6(8(11)12)9-5-3-4-7(9)10/h6H,2-5H2,1H3,(H,11,12)/t6-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2S)-2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)butanoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.8415 mL | 29.2073 mL | 58.4146 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.1683 mL | 5.8415 mL | 11.6829 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5841 mL | 2.9207 mL | 5.8415 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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