| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg |
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| 500mg |
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| 1g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
As an impurity of norepinephrine, it is related to a parent drug that acts as a direct agonist at alpha1-, alpha2-, and beta1-adrenergic receptors. Dopamine itself is a neurotransmitter that acts on dopamine D1-D₅ receptors, as well as beta1- and alpha1-adrenergic receptors at high doses. This impurity has significant pharmacological activity, primarily as a dopamine receptor agonist. Because it is an active impurity, its presence in norepinephrine formulations must be strictly controlled to avoid unwanted cardiovascular effects (e.g., increased renal blood flow, tachycardia).
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, dopamine is a full agonist at D1 receptors (EC50 ~1-10 uM) and D2 receptors (EC50 ~0.1-1 uM). It also has weak activity at alpha1- and beta1-adrenergic receptors (EC50 > 10 uM). In a standard binding assay using [3H]-SCH23390 for D1 or [3H]-spiperone for D2, dopamine shows Ki values of 1-10 uM. Norepinephrine has negligible affinity for dopamine receptors. Cytotoxicity in PC12 cells is low, with an IC50 > 200 uM.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, dopamine is used therapeutically in septic shock to increase renal perfusion. It increases heart rate and cardiac output. In a rat model of hemorrhagic shock, dopamine (10 ug/kg/min, IV) increases mean arterial pressure. In impurity qualification, the presence of dopamine in norepinephrine products must be limited because it can cause off-target effects. Pharmacopoeias often set limits for dopamine as a specified impurity in norepinephrine drug substance (e.g., ≤0.5-1.0%).
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| Enzyme Assay |
General in vitro dopamine D1 receptor binding assay: Prepare rat striatal membranes (200 ug protein) in 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4) containing 120 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 2 mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgCl2. Incubate with [3H]-SCH23390 (1 nM) and test compound (0.1 nM to 100 uM) for 60 min at 25degC. Separate bound from free by filtration. Dopamine displaces binding with a Ki of 1-10 uM. Norepinephrine shows negligible displacement. For functional assays, measure cAMP accumulation in CHO cells expressing human D1 receptors; dopamine increases cAMP with an EC50 of 1-10 uM.
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| Cell Assay |
General in vitro cell viability assay: Seed PC12 cells in 96-well plates at 2×10⁴ cells/well in DMEM with 10% FBS. After 24 h, treat with dopamine at concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, 30, 100, and 200 uM for 48 h. Assess cell viability via MTT assay. The IC50 would be >200 uM, confirming low cytotoxicity. For a Caco-2 permeability assay, dopamine is highly permeable (Papp > 20×10-⁶ cm/s). It is a substrate for organic cation transporters.
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| Animal Protocol |
General in vivo animal protocol for impurity qualification: Dissolve dopamine hydrochloride in 0.9% saline. Administer to male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=6 per group) by intravenous infusion at doses of 0, 0.1, 0.5, 2, and 10 ug/kg/min for 60 min. Monitor blood pressure, heart rate, and renal blood flow. Dopamine will increase heart rate and renal blood flow at doses ≥2 ug/kg/min. Norepinephrine is used as a positive control for alpha-agonist effects. For impurity control, the amount of dopamine in a norepinephrine injection must be limited to avoid additive effects. Standard limits are typically ≤1.0% of the norepinephrine content.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Based on its molecular weight (153.18 g/mol) and logP (-0.5), dopamine has a very short plasma half-life (t½ ~1-2 min) due to rapid metabolism by monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). Volume of distribution is moderate (~1 L/kg). Plasma protein binding is low (<20%). Elimination is primarily via renal excretion of metabolites (homovanillic acid, DOPAC). Dopamine does not cross the blood-brain barrier significantly.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The acute toxicity of dopamine is low (LD50 > 1000 mg/kg in rats). In a 28-day IV toxicity study in rats, the NOAEL for cardiovascular effects is 0.5 mg/kg/day (continuous infusion). At higher doses, tachycardia, arrhythmias, and hypertension occur. Dopamine is not genotoxic. In a drug substance, the impurity is controlled at ≤0.5% (often 0.3-0.5%). For norepinephrine tartrate, the USP monograph limits dopamine to ≤0.5%.
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| Additional Infomation |
Appearance: off-white to light tan solid (as hydrochloride). Molecular formula: C₈H11NO2 (free base) or C₈H11NO2·HCl (hydrochloride). Storage: powder at -20degC, protect from light, under inert atmosphere (catechol group oxidizes). Solubility: soluble in water, DMSO, and ethanol. The compound is typically analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC with UV detection at 280 nm or by LC-MS/MS in positive ion mode. Other names: Dopamine, 3-Hydroxytyramine, Norepinephrine impurity 33. Safety: catecholamine; handle with care; avoid skin contact as it can be absorbed.
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| Molecular Formula |
C12H17NO9
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| Molecular Weight |
319.27
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| Exact Mass |
319.09
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| CAS # |
636-88-4
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| PubChem CID |
168929
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| Appearance |
Solid powder
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
8
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
5
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| Heavy Atom Count |
22
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| Complexity |
276
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
3
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| SMILES |
C1=CC(=C(C=C1[C@@H](CN)O)O)O.[C@@H]([C@H](C(=O)O)O)(C(=O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
WNPNNLQNNJQYFA-HQWYAZORSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C8H11NO3.C4H6O6/c9-4-8(12)5-1-2-6(10)7(11)3-5;5-1(3(7)8)2(6)4(9)10/h1-3,8,10-12H,4,9H2;1-2,5-6H,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)/t8-;1-,2-/m11/s1
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| Chemical Name |
4-[(1S)-2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl]benzene-1,2-diol;(2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: (1). This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. (2). Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.1321 mL | 15.6607 mL | 31.3215 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.6264 mL | 3.1321 mL | 6.2643 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3132 mL | 1.5661 mL | 3.1321 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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