| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 10mg |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Glucosamine is a precursor for the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids, such as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and hyaluronic acid, which are major structural components of articular cartilage. It is not a receptor-specific drug but acts as a biological substrate to support cartilage health. By providing an increased supply of this essential building block, it is believed to stimulate the production of proteoglycans by chondrocytes (cartilage cells) and to have mild anti-inflammatory effects, thus helping to slow the progression of osteoarthritis.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, glucosamine sulfate has been shown to stimulate the synthesis of proteoglycans in cultured articular chondrocytes. At physiological concentrations (e.g., 10-100 ug/mL), it can increase the production of collagen and other extracellular matrix components. It also exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1, TNF-alpha) and nitric oxide in synovial cells. It has low cytotoxicity and is not bactericidal. It is primarily a metabolic substrate and nutrient for joint tissues.
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| ln Vivo |
The in vivo activity of glucosamine is best demonstrated in its clinical effect on osteoarthritis. When taken orally, it is absorbed and distributed to joint tissues, where it provides the necessary building blocks for cartilage repair. Its therapeutic effect is typically seen over several weeks of use, with improvements in joint pain and function. It is not an analgesic and does not provide immediate pain relief. While not a potent drug, its effect is clinically significant for disease management. It is also used as a safe reference standard for analytical purposes.【1136-L38】
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| Enzyme Assay |
General in vitro chondrocyte proliferation and matrix synthesis assay: Primary human articular chondrocytes are isolated and seeded in 96-well plates. The cells are treated with glucosamine sulfate (0.1-10 mM) for up to 7 days. The synthesis of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is measured by a dye-binding assay (e.g., DMMB assay) after papain digestion of the cell layer. Cell proliferation is measured via a BrdU incorporation assay. Glucosamine will increase GAG production without significantly affecting cell proliferation. An MTT assay would confirm an IC50 > 10 mM.
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| Cell Assay |
General in vitro cell viability and anti-inflammatory assay: Seed bovine articular chondrocytes in 96-well plates and treat with glucosamine sulfate (0.1-10 mM) in the presence or absence of IL-1beta (10 ng/mL) for 48 hours. The supernatant is collected to measure prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO) levels. Glucosamine will reduce the IL-1beta-induced increase in these inflammatory mediators. Cytotoxicity on chondrocytes will be very low.
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| Animal Protocol |
General in vivo animal protocol for impurity qualification: As a dietary supplement and reference standard, a formal toxicology study is not required. For regulatory compliance, a 90-day oral toxicity study in rats can be conducted. Administer the compound (0, 500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg/day) to rats (n=10/sex/group) by oral gavage for 90 days. Assess standard safety parameters. The NOAEL for glucosamine is typically very high (e.g., >2000 mg/kg/day). It is not genotoxic.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Glucosamine sulfate is a small, water-soluble amino sugar. After oral administration, it has a bioavailability of about 20-30% due to first-pass metabolism in the liver. It is distributed into cartilage tissue, with a peak plasma level occurring 1-2 hours after oral administration. It is metabolized in the liver and has a plasma half-life of 2-6 hours. It is excreted primarily in the urine, mostly as metabolites (e.g., urea, CO2). It has a low volume of distribution and low plasma protein binding.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Glucosamine sulfate has an excellent safety profile. It is well-tolerated at therapeutic doses (typically 1500 mg/day). Common side effects are mild and include gastrointestinal issues (constipation, diarrhea, heartburn). It is not genotoxic. It is not a skin sensitizer. As a reference standard, it is considered a low-hazard chemical.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Appearance: White to off-white crystalline powder. Molecular formula: (C₆H13NO₅)2·H2SO4·2KCl. Storage: Store at room temperature, protected from light and moisture. Solubility: Freely soluble in water. Other names: D-Glucosamine sulfate dipotassium chloride. Safety: For research use only.
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| Molecular Formula |
C6H13NO5.XCLK.XH2O4S
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| Exact Mass |
603.991
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| CAS # |
1296149-08-0
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| PubChem CID |
76965765
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solids at room temperature
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
12
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
10
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| Heavy Atom Count |
33
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| Complexity |
223
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
8
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| SMILES |
C([C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](C=O)N)O)O)O)O.C([C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](C=O)N)O)O)O)O.OS(=O)(=O)O.[Cl-].[Cl-].[K+].[K+]
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| InChi Key |
ZGYRLIPOHALCCV-VQRMJQQYSA-L
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/2C6H13NO5.2ClH.2K.H2O4S/c2*7-3(1-8)5(11)6(12)4(10)2-9;;;;;1-5(2,3)4/h2*1,3-6,9-12H,2,7H2;2*1H;;;(H2,1,2,3,4)/q;;;;2*+1;/p-2/t2*3-,4+,5+,6+;;;;;/m00...../s1
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| Chemical Name |
dipotassium;bis((2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-amino-3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyhexanal);sulfuric acid;dichloride
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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