| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5g |
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| 10g |
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| 25g |
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| 50g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Nickel monosulfate does not target a specific biological receptor or enzyme for a therapeutic effect. Its toxicity arises from the release of nickel ions (Ni2+), which are highly reactive. Ni2+ ions are a human carcinogen and can interact non-specifically with cellular components, leading to oxidative stress. They also interfere with DNA repair mechanisms and can substitute for other essential metal ions (e.g., Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+) in proteins, disrupting their normal function. In high concentrations, nickel is also a contact sensitizer, triggering an allergic response via T-cell mediated type IV hypersensitivity. Its presence in pharmaceuticals is unwanted, thus it is designated as a potential genotoxic impurity (PGI).
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, nickel monosulfate is not an inhibitor of drug targets but is a potent inducer of cellular toxicity. In an MTT assay using HepG2 cells, NiSO4 (0.1-1000 uM) induces a concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability, with an IC₅0 typically in the range of 200-500 uM. It also activates the oxidative stress response, leading to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) as measured by DCFH-DA fluorescence. It is positive in genotoxicity assays, inducing DNA strand breaks in the comet assay and micronuclei formation in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells at concentrations of 100-500 uM. It is not an inhibitor of common enzyme targets like CYP450s but can inhibit DNA repair enzymes.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, nickel monosulfate is a well-known human and animal carcinogen. In a 2-year carcinogenicity study in rats, dietary administration of NiSO4 (100-1000 ppm) resulted in a significant increase in the incidence of tumors, particularly of the lung and adrenal gland. In a short-term, repeat-dose toxicity study in rats (0.1, 1, 10 mg/kg/day, p.o., 28 days), nickel-induced oxidative stress and histopathological changes in the liver and kidney, with a No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level (NOAEL) of 1 mg/kg/day. As a drug impurity, it is not administered for therapeutic effect; its presence is a safety risk and must be minimized to below acceptable limits.
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| Enzyme Assay |
General in vitro genotoxicity assay (Micronucleus test): CHO-K1 cells are seeded in 6-well plates and treated with NiSO4 (0, 10, 50, 100, 200 uM) for 24 hours. After cytochalasin B treatment, cells are harvested, fixed, and stained. At least 1000 binucleated cells per concentration are scored for the presence of micronuclei. NiSO4 will induce a concentration-dependent increase in micronucleus frequency, with a positive result at ≥100 uM. This demonstrates its clastogenic and aneugenic potential. A positive control, such as mitomycin C (0.1 uM), is used.
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| Cell Assay |
General in vitro cell viability assay (MTT): HepG2 cells are seeded in 96-well plates at 1×10⁴ cells/well. After 24 hours, they are treated with NiSO4 at concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 500, 1000 uM for 48 hours. MTT solution (5 mg/mL) is added for 4 hours. The formazan crystals are dissolved in DMSO, and absorbance is read at 570 nm. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅0) will be determined. NiSO4 will cause a dose-dependent reduction in cell viability, with an expected IC₅0 of approximately 200-500 uM.
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| Animal Protocol |
General in vivo animal protocol for impurity qualification (Acute oral toxicity): NiSO4 is dissolved in water and administered to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats (n=5/sex/dose) as a single oral gavage dose of 0, 100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg. Animals are observed for 14 days for signs of toxicity (e.g., decreased activity, piloerection, weight loss). The LD₅0 is calculated. The expected acute oral LD₅0 of NiSO4 is approximately 500-1000 mg/kg. A 28-day repeat-dose oral toxicity study (0, 10, 30, 100 mg/kg/day) would then be used to establish a NOAEL for chronic exposure.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
As an inorganic salt, nickel monosulfate is soluble in water and dissociates into Ni2+ ions. After oral exposure, nickel absorption is low (~20-30%) and is influenced by the presence of food. Once absorbed, Ni2+ distributes widely to all organs, with some accumulation in the lungs and kidneys. It does not undergo metabolic transformation but is bound to proteins (e.g., albumin). Excretion is primarily via the urine, with a plasma half-life of 1-2 days. In the context of a drug substance, any residual NiSO4 would be considered a heavy metal impurity. Its systemic bioavailability from a drug product would depend on the drug formulation and the solubility of the nickel salt.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Nickel monosulfate is a known human carcinogen (Group 1, IARC) and a potential genotoxic impurity (PGI). It is also a potent skin and respiratory sensitizer, capable of causing allergic contact dermatitis. Acute oral exposure can lead to gastrointestinal distress, nausea, and vomiting. Long-term exposure is associated with lung and nasal cancers in occupational settings. For pharmaceutical impurities, according to ICH M7 guidelines, the acceptable limit for a PGI is based on the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) of 1.5 ug/day for lifetime exposure. This translates to a very strict limit in the final drug product, often requiring a specific analytical method (e.g., ICP-MS) for quantification. It is also considered an aquatic toxin and is hazardous to the environment.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Nickel monosulfate is a yellow-green crystalline solid at room temperature. Its key use in electroplating capitalizes on the excellent adhesion and corrosion resistance properties of nickel metal deposits. In research, it is used to induce a chemical hypersensitization model to study allergic contact dermatitis in animals. As it is a known human carcinogen, any handling of this compound, particularly in powder form, requires the use of a chemical fume hood and appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) to prevent inhalation and skin contact. The compound must be stored away from strong oxidizing agents and alkalis. Its use as a reference standard is strictly to demonstrate that its concentration is below the regulatory limit (e.g., 1.5 ug/day) in a final pharmaceutical product. For most pharmaceutical syntheses, the control of nickel is critical, and its presence is monitored using highly sensitive analytical techniques such as ICP-MS.
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| Molecular Formula |
NIO4S
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
154.76
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| Exact Mass |
153.887
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| CAS # |
7786-81-4
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| Related CAS # |
10101-97-0 (hexahydrate)
; 10101-98-1 (heptahydrate)
; 14701-22-5 (Parent)
; 14701-22-5 (Parent)
; 7786-81-4 (Parent)
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| PubChem CID |
24586
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solids at room temperature
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| Melting Point |
1558 °F (decomposes) (NTP, 1992)
; Decomposes @ 840 °C
; No melting point; decomposes at 848 °C
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
0
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| Heavy Atom Count |
6
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| Complexity |
62.2
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
[O-]S(=O)(=O)[O-].[Ni+2]
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| InChi Key |
LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/Ni.H2O4S/c;1-5(2,3)4/h;(H2,1,2,3,4)/q+2;/p-2
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| Chemical Name |
nickel(2+) sulfate
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| Synonyms |
Nickel sulfate; Nickelous sulfate; Sulfuric acid nickel(2+) salt
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 6.4616 mL | 32.3081 mL | 64.6162 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.2923 mL | 6.4616 mL | 12.9232 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.6462 mL | 3.2308 mL | 6.4616 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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