| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
The targets of Pentanoyl coenzyme A include various key enzymes in the fatty acid β-oxidation pathway. It serves as a substrate for carnitine acetyltransferase and acts as a substrate for butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase and octanoyl-CoA dehydrogenase, exhibiting competitive inhibition on these enzymes. According to the BRENDA database, 32 enzyme-catalyzed reactions utilizing Pentanoyl-CoA as a substrate have been documented, involving acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, acyltransferases, and thioesterases. Additionally, it is a source metabolite for 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase.
Pentanoyl coenzyme A sodium targets the active sites of enzymes that utilize acyl-CoA thioesters, such as acyl-CoA synthetase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT), and acyltransferases. It acts as a substrate for these enzymes, transferring the pentanoyl group to a recipient molecule. It does not target a specific receptor. |
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| ln Vitro |
In cell-free systems, Pentanoyl coenzyme A functions as a substrate and inhibitor for various β-oxidation enzymes. Studies demonstrate that Pentanoyl-CoA is a good substrate for butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase and octanoyl-CoA dehydrogenase, while also serving as an equally effective competitive inhibitor of these enzymes when butyryl-CoA or palmitoyl-CoA are used as substrates, with Vmax, Km, and Ki values determined. It is also a substrate for carnitine acetyltransferase, reacting with L-carnitine to form valerylcarnitine. Furthermore, Pentanoyl-CoA can serve as an acyl donor with malonyl-CoA in fatty acid synthesis elongation reactions.
In vitro, Pentanoyl coenzyme A sodium is a substrate for various acyltransferases. In an acyltransferase activity assay (e.g., using the enzyme carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase), it can be used to measure enzyme kinetics. It is not an inhibitor and has no IC₅0. In an MTT assay using HepG2 cells, it is non-toxic (IC₅0 >500 uM). |
| ln Vivo |
Pentanoyl coenzyme A, as an endogenous short-chain fatty acyl-CoA, participates in the regulation of fatty acid metabolism in vivo. In the metabolic pathway of valproate (an antiepileptic drug), Pentanoyl-CoA is a metabolite produced by the cleavage of 3-oxovalproyl-CoA via mitochondrial thiolases. Studies show that in a spontaneous colorectal cancer mouse model (Apc+/Min-FCCC), hepatic levels of Pentanoyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA are elevated regardless of low- or high-fat diet feeding. Additionally, Pentanoyl-CoA participates in the β-oxidation of odd-chain fatty acids in vivo, with its metabolites including acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA.
Not applicable for direct therapeutic use. Pentanoyl coenzyme A sodium is a biochemical reagent and is not intended for in vivo administration. It may be used in metabolic studies where it is administered to animals to trace fatty acid metabolism, but this is not its primary use. |
| Enzyme Assay |
Pentanoyl coenzyme A can be used as a substrate for acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity assays. A typical protocol (based on literature methods): The reaction mixture contains 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5), 0.2 mM electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF), 100 μM Pentanoyl-CoA, and the purified dehydrogenase enzyme. Enzyme activity is measured by monitoring the fluorescence reduction of ETF at 340 nm excitation/480 nm emission. For carnitine acetyltransferase assays, the reaction mixture contains Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.8), L-[methyl-¹⁴C]carnitine, and Pentanoyl-CoA. After incubation at 37°C, the product [¹⁴C]valerylcarnitine is separated by ion-exchange chromatography and quantified by radioactivity counting.
General in vitro acyltransferase assay (e.g., for carnitine palmitoyltransferase). Prepare a reaction mixture containing 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM ATP, 5 mM MgCl2, 0.5 mM L-carnitine, 0.2 mM CoA, and test compound (Pentanoyl coenzyme A sodium, 10-200 uM). Add the enzyme source (e.g., rat liver homogenate). Incubate at 37degC for 20 min. Terminate the reaction with 10% trichloroacetic acid. Extract the product (pentanoylcarnitine) with butanol and measure by LC-MS or by radioactivity. The compound serves as a substrate. |
| Cell Assay |
Pentanoyl coenzyme A is commonly used in cellular assays to study the metabolic regulation of short-chain fatty acyl-CoAs. Due to its endogenous nature and polarity, intracellular Pentanoyl-CoA levels are typically elevated indirectly by treating cells with precursor compounds such as pentanoic acid or valproic acid. A typical protocol: Hepatocytes or colorectal cancer cells are incubated with pentanoic acid (0.5-2 mM) for 4-24 hours, followed by cell collection and LC-MS/MS analysis of intracellular Pentanoyl-CoA and other acyl-CoA ester levels. Permeabilized cell models can also be used, where Pentanoyl-CoA is directly added to permeabilized cell systems to study its effects on mitochondrial β-oxidation flux.
General in vitro cell viability assay (MTT): Seed HepG2 cells in 96-well plates at 1×10⁴ cells/well in DMEM with 10% FBS. After 24 h, treat with Pentanoyl coenzyme A sodium at concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 500, 1000 uM for 48 h. Add MTT (5 mg/mL) for 4 h, dissolve formazan in DMSO, and measure absorbance at 570 nm. The IC₅0 is expected to be >500 uM, confirming low cytotoxicity. For a metabolic tracer study, incubate cells with the compound and analyze fatty acid oxidation by LC-MS. |
| Animal Protocol |
In vivo studies of Pentanoyl coenzyme A are typically conducted by administering its precursor pentanoic acid or using drug metabolism models. A typical protocol (based on valproate metabolism studies): Rats are administered valproic acid intraperitoneally (200-400 mg/kg), and liver and blood samples are collected at various time points (0.5-24 hours) post-administration for LC-MS/MS analysis of Pentanoyl-CoA and its metabolite levels. In colorectal cancer mouse models, dietary interventions with different fat contents can be administered, followed by detection of changes in hepatic Pentanoyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA levels.
General in vivo protocol for a metabolic tracer study: Administer Pentanoyl coenzyme A sodium (10 mg/kg, i.v.) to SD rats (n=3 per time point). Collect blood at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 24 h. Deproteinize plasma and analyze by LC-MS to measure the parent compound and metabolites. This protocol is used to study fatty acid oxidation kinetics. For a toxicity study, administer the compound (100 mg/kg, i.p.) daily for 14 days and monitor clinical signs. |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Direct pharmacokinetic parameters for Pentanoyl coenzyme A, as an endogenous short-chain fatty acyl-CoA, are limited in the literature. It is a polar molecule generated intracellularly from pentanoic acid via acyl-CoA synthetase and is rapidly metabolized by the mitochondrial β-oxidation system. In vitro, Pentanoyl-CoA is relatively stable in aqueous solution and should be stored as a powder in a dry, sealed container at -20°C, where it remains stable for over 2 years. As an exogenous substance, Pentanoyl-CoA cannot readily cross cell membranes, so in vivo studies typically use its precursors pentanoic acid or valproic acid for indirect investigation. Its metabolic end products in vivo are acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA, which enter the TCA cycle for further oxidation.
Pentanoyl coenzyme A sodium is a large, polar molecule (MW ~770). It is not orally bioavailable and is administered intravenously or intraperitoneally. It is rapidly metabolized by thioesterases and is short-lived in plasma (t½ <30 min). It is distributed to the liver and other tissues involved in fatty acid metabolism. For research use, it is stored as a solid at -20degC and is soluble in water. |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Pentanoyl coenzyme A is generally considered safe at normal physiological concentrations as an endogenous metabolite. According to available Material Safety Data Sheets, this product is for research use only and not for human or veterinary use. As a chemical reagent, it is recommended to wear personal protective equipment (e.g., gloves and eye protection) to avoid skin and eye contact and to operate in a well-ventilated area. Its precursor, pentanoic acid, may be irritating at high concentrations, but detailed toxicological data for Pentanoyl-CoA itself is limited in the literature. Under conditions of metabolic dysregulation, abnormal accumulation of short-chain fatty acyl-CoAs may contribute to the pathological processes of certain metabolic diseases.
The compound has low toxicity. It is an endogenous metabolite. In vitro, the IC₅0 is >500 uM. It is not genotoxic. For impurity qualification in a drug substance, routine control at 0.15% is acceptable. |
| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Background: Pentanoyl coenzyme A is a short-chain acyl-CoA thioester. It is used as a substrate in enzymatic assays and as a standard for LC-MS. It is an important tool for studying fatty acid metabolism, particularly the enzymes involved in the activation and transport of short-chain fatty acids. It is stored at -20degC and is for research use only.
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| Molecular Formula |
C26H42N7NA2O17P3S
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
895.61
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| Exact Mass |
875.17031
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| Related CAS # |
Pentanoyl coenzyme A
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solids at room temperature
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
9
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
23
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
23
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| Heavy Atom Count |
55
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| Complexity |
1430
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
5
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| SMILES |
[H-].CCCCC(=O)SCCNC(=O)CCNC(=O)[C@@H](C(C)(C)COP(=O)(O)OP(=O)(O)OC[C@@H]1[C@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O1)N2C=NC3=C(N=CN=C32)N)O)OP(=O)(O)O)O.[Na+]
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| InChi Key |
KDIWIHIPNLPWIN-XHHMYGBGSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C26H44N7O17P3S.Na.H/c1-4-5-6-17(35)54-10-9-28-16(34)7-8-29-24(38)21(37)26(2,3)12-47-53(44,45)50-52(42,43)46-11-15-20(49-51(39,40)41)19(36)25(48-15)33-14-32-18-22(27)30-13-31-23(18)33;;/h13-15,19-21,25,36-37H,4-12H2,1-3H3,(H,28,34)(H,29,38)(H,42,43)(H,44,45)(H2,27,30,31)(H2,39,40,41);;/q;+1;-1/t15-,19-,20-,21+,25-;;/m1../s1
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| Chemical Name |
sodium;S-[2-[3-[[(2R)-4-[[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]ethyl] pentanethioate;hydride
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| Synonyms |
Valeryl-CoA sodium; Valeryl-coenzyme A sodium
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.1166 mL | 5.5828 mL | 11.1656 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.2233 mL | 1.1166 mL | 2.2331 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1117 mL | 0.5583 mL | 1.1166 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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