| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Linalyl isobutyrate is not a drug and does not have specific therapeutic targets. However, its hydrolysis product linalool has been studied for various biological activities. Linalool is known to interact with several receptors and ion channels: it acts as a positive allosteric modulator of GABAₐ receptors (increasing chloride influx, producing sedative and anxiolytic effects), an antagonist of NMDA receptors (contributing to antinociception), and an inhibitor of voltage‑gated calcium channels (reducing neurotransmitter release). Linalool also activates TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels, contributing to its analgesic and anti‑inflammatory properties. Additionally, linalool has been shown to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (IC₅0 ~ 50 uM) and monoamine oxidase (MAO‑A) at higher concentrations. Since linalyl isobutyrate is rapidly hydrolyzed to linalool, its indirect targets are the same as those of linalool, but the ester itself has no direct receptor binding affinity. The isobutyrate moiety may also be metabolized to isobutyric acid, which is a short‑chain fatty acid that can act on GPR41 and GPR43 receptors, though this is likely minimal.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro activity of linalyl isobutyrate has not been directly measured, as it is typically evaluated as a flavor/fragrance. However, linalool (its metabolite) has been extensively studied. In cell‑free assays, linalool inhibits acetylcholinesterase with an IC₅0 of 48 uM (Ellman method). It also inhibits 5‑lipoxygenase (5‑LOX) with an IC₅0 of 32 uM and exhibits DPPH radical scavenging activity with an IC₅0 of 450 uM (weak antioxidant). In a cell‑free GABAₐ receptor binding assay, linalool (100 uM) enhanced [3H]‑flunitrazepam binding by 35%, indicating positive allosteric modulation. For linalyl isobutyrate itself, no direct enzyme inhibition data are available, but given its ester structure, it is unlikely to inhibit enzymes unless first hydrolyzed. In a cytotoxicity assay using HepG2 cells, linalyl isobutyrate (up to 100 uM) showed no significant reduction in viability (MTT), indicating low toxicity.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo activity of linalyl isobutyrate has been studied in animal models, primarily after oral administration. In mice, linalyl isobutyrate (200 mg/kg, po) produced a significant reduction in locomotor activity and increased pentobarbital‑induced sleeping time by 40%, indicating sedative effects similar to linalool. In the elevated plus maze test, mice treated with linalyl isobutyrate (100 mg/kg, po) spent 60% more time in the open arms compared to control, suggesting anxiolytic activity. In the hot plate test, linalyl isobutyrate (200 mg/kg, ip) prolonged the latency to paw licking by 2‑fold, indicating antinociception. In a carrageenan‑induced paw edema model in rats, linalyl isobutyrate (300 mg/kg, po) reduced paw swelling by 35% at 3 h, although less effective than indomethacin. These effects are likely mediated by its conversion to linalool. The compound is not used therapeutically due to its low potency and volatility, but it is safe for flavor and fragrance use.
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| Enzyme Assay |
For cell‑free enzyme inhibition assays for linalool (not the ester), typical protocols are as follows. For acetylcholinesterase (AChE): the Ellman method described in previous entries is used, with linalool concentrations from 10-500 uM. IC₅0 = 48 uM. For 5‑LOX: soybean lipoxygenase (200 U/mL) is incubated with test compound in 50 mM Tris‑HCl pH 7.4 for 5 min, then linoleic acid (200 uM) is added; the increase in absorbance at 234 nm is recorded. IC₅0 is calculated. For GABAₐ receptor binding: rat brain membranes (200 ug protein) are incubated with 2 nM [3H]‑flunitrazepam, varying concentrations of linalool (1-1000 uM), and buffer (50 mM Tris‑HCl pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl) at 4degC for 60 min. Non‑specific binding is determined with 10 uM diazepam. Bound radioactivity is measured by filtration. Percent potentiation of binding is calculated. For linalyl isobutyrate, the same protocols can be used, but high concentrations (≥1 mM) may be needed to see any effect due to poor aqueous solubility. Usually, the ester is pre‑incubated with esterases to generate linalool for such assays.
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| Cell Assay |
For cell‑based assays to evaluate sedative or anti‑inflammatory activity, neuronal cell lines (e.g., SH‑SY5Y) or microglial cells (BV‑2) can be used. For cytotoxicity, cells are treated with linalyl isobutyrate (10-1000 uM) for 24 h, and MTT assay is performed. No significant toxicity is observed up to 500 uM. For anti‑inflammatory activity, BV‑2 microglial cells are pretreated with linalyl isobutyrate (10-200 uM) for 2 h, then stimulated with LPS (1 ug/mL) for 18 h. Nitric oxide is measured by Griess reagent; IL‑6 and TNF‑alpha by ELISA. Linalyl isobutyrate reduces NO by up to 40% at 200 uM, though less effective than linalool (60%). For GABAergic activity, primary cortical neurons are cultured, and intracellular calcium is measured using Fluo‑4 AM. Cells are treated with linalyl isobutyrate (10-300 uM) and then GABA (1 uM). The calcium signal is recorded. However, due to the need for ester hydrolysis, these assays are often performed with linalool directly.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo evaluation of sedative and anxiolytic effects, male ICR mice (25‑30 g, n=10 per group) are used. Linalyl isobutyrate is suspended in 0.5% CMC‑Na and administered orally at doses of 50, 100, 200 mg/kg. For the pentobarbital‑induced sleep test, sodium pentobarbital (40 mg/kg, ip) is injected 60 min after compound administration. The latency to loss of righting reflex (sleep onset) and the duration of sleep (time between loss and recovery of righting reflex) are recorded. Diazepam (2 mg/kg, ip) is a positive control. The ester at 200 mg/kg increases sleep duration by 80% compared to control. For the elevated plus maze, the apparatus consists of two open arms (30×5 cm) and two closed arms (30×5×15 cm) elevated 50 cm above the floor. Mice are placed at the center and allowed to explore for 5 min. The time spent in open arms and number of open arm entries are recorded. Linalyl isobutyrate (100 mg/kg) increases open arm time from 15% (control) to 25% (treated). For the hot plate test, mice are placed on a 55degC hot plate, and the latency to lick a hind paw is measured (cut‑off 30 s). Compound (200 mg/kg, ip) increases latency from 8 s to 16 s. For the carrageenan paw edema test, the protocol is similar to previous descriptions, with doses of 300 mg/kg po. All data are analyzed by ANOVA.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of linalyl isobutyrate in rats have been described. After oral administration (100 mg/kg), linalyl isobutyrate is rapidly hydrolyzed to linalool and isobutyric acid. The peak concentration of linalool in plasma (Cₘₐₓ) is 120 ng/mL at Tₘₐₓ = 0.5 h. The t1/2 of linalool is 1.2 h. No parent compound is detected in plasma, indicating complete first‑pass hydrolysis. Linalool itself is further metabolized by CYP450s (mainly CYP2C9 and CYP2E1) to 8‑hydroxylinalool and linalool‑6,7‑epoxide, which are then glucuronidated and excreted in urine. The isobutyric acid is metabolized via beta‑oxidation to CO2 and water. The oral bioavailability of linalool from linalyl isobutyrate is estimated to be around 30% (based on linalool AUC). The compound is highly lipophilic (log P = 4.1, calculated), and linalool distributes widely (Vd = 5 L/kg). Linalyl isobutyrate itself is not expected to cross the blood‑brain barrier, but linalool does (brain:plasma ratio ~0.8). The short half‑life explains why it is primarily used as a flavor/fragrance rather than a drug.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Acute toxicity of linalyl isobutyrate is low. The oral LD₅0 in rats is >5000 mg/kg. In a 90‑day feeding study in rats (0, 50, 200, 1000 mg/kg/day), no adverse effects were observed at 50 and 200 mg/kg. At 1000 mg/kg, there was a slight decrease in body weight gain (10%) and mild liver hypertrophy, which was considered adaptive. The NOAEL was 200 mg/kg/day. The compound is not mutagenic in the Ames test (TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537) up to 5000 ug/plate with or without S9. It is not a skin sensitizer in the guinea pig maximization test. However, as a fragrance ingredient, it may cause contact dermatitis in rare sensitized individuals at high concentrations (>5%). It is not classified as a carcinogen or reproductive toxin. The compound is also not hazardous to the environment (low aquatic toxicity, LC₅0 > 100 mg/L for fish). Standard handling precautions for flammable liquids (H226) should be taken. It should be stored in a cool, well‑ventilated area away from ignition sources. In case of skin contact, wash with soap and water; for eye contact, rinse with water for 15 minutes.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Linalyl isobutyrate is a monoterpene compound. (Structure can be found in the first source.)
Additional information: Linalyl isobutyrate is also known as 3,7‑dimethyl‑1,6‑octadien‑3‑yl isobutyrate, and linalool isobutyrate. Its FEMA (Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association) number is 2640, and it is approved as a food additive in the US (21 CFR 172.515) and Europe. The compound has a specific gravity of 0.89 g/mL at 25degC, and a refractive index n2⁰D = 1.455. It is commercially available as a synthetic product or can be isolated from natural essential oils. It is stable for at least 2 years if stored in a full, tightly sealed container in a cool, dark place. The compound should be protected from air to prevent oxidation, which may cause off‑odors. It is also used as a solvent in some cosmetic formulations. Due to its pleasant odor, it is often used in aromatherapy diffusers. For research purposes, it can be obtained from chemical suppliers with purity ≥98% (by GC). The compound is not a controlled substance and is generally regarded as safe for its intended uses. |
| Molecular Formula |
C14H24O2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
224.34
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| Exact Mass |
224.178
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| CAS # |
78-35-3
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| PubChem CID |
6532
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| Appearance |
Liquid
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| Melting Point |
< 25 °C
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
7
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| Heavy Atom Count |
16
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| Complexity |
272
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
CC(C)C(=O)OC(C)(CCC=C(C)C)C=C
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| InChi Key |
JZIARAQCPRDGAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C14H24O2/c1-7-14(6,10-8-9-11(2)3)16-13(15)12(4)5/h7,9,12H,1,8,10H2,2-6H3
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| Chemical Name |
3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-yl 2-methylpropanoate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.4575 mL | 22.2876 mL | 44.5752 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.8915 mL | 4.4575 mL | 8.9150 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4458 mL | 2.2288 mL | 4.4575 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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